ArticlePloS one2015
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative People Who Inject Drugs.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Burden of vaccine-preventable diseases among at-risk adult populations in the US.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Sensitivity and specificity of oral HPV detection for HPV-positive head and neck cancer.Oral oncology · 2018Pooled it
- High prevalence and atypical genotype distribution of oral human Papillomavirus in an East African HIV cohort: a cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Genotyping HPV 16 and 18 in oral and oropharyngeal cancer: uncovering HIV as a key risk factor in a Ugandan cohort.Infectious agents and cancer · 2025Article
- The Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotypes in the Oral Mucosae of HIV-Positive Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Human Papillomavirus Oral Infection: Review of Methodological Aspects and Epidemiology.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- A multiple robust propensity score method for longitudinal analysis with intermittent missing data.Biometrics · 2021Article
- Article
- HIV, Aging, and Viral Coinfections: Taking the Long View.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) causes most oropharyngeal cancers in the United States. Oral HPV prevalence is associated with immunosuppression, and drug use can be immunosuppressive, but the epidemiology of oral HPV among people who use drugs is not well described.
methodsWe enrolled men and women with a current or prior history of injection drug use in this cross-sectional sub-study within the AIDS Linked to the Intravenous Experience (ALIVE) cohort. We tested oral rinse samples for 37 types of HPV DNA and collected self-reported risk factor information. We compared oral HPV prevalence across categories using chi-squared statistics and multivariable logistic regression.
resultsAmong 199 subjects, 32% were HIV-positive (median CD4 count 384 cells/μL), 90% were Black, 56% had less than a high school education, 17% had recently used injection drugs, and the median age was 54 years. Most had performed oral sex (82%) but had fewer than 5 lifetime partners (58%). The prevalence of any oral HPV was 29%, and of any oncogenic oral HPV was 13%. Oral HPV prevalence was high among both heterosexual men (30%) and women (20%). After adjustment, odds of oral HPV were increased among HIV-positive individuals with a low CD4 count (<350 cells/μl, aOR = 2.7, 95%CI = 1.2-6.4, vs. HIV-negative individuals), but not among HIV-positive individuals with a higher CD4 cell count. Odds were also elevated for those who had recently performed oral sex on a woman (aOR = 2.2, 95%CI = 1.01-4.6) and, even after this adjustment, among bisexual/lesbian females (aOR = 5.6, 95%CI = 1.4-23, vs. heterosexual females). Oral HPV prevalence was not associated with vaginal sex, performing oral sex on a man, or recent drug use.
conclusionsRecent drug use was not associated with oral HPV prevalence in our study. However, despite modest numbers of sexual partners, the prevalence of oral HPV among this largely Black population with lower socioeconomic status was high.
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