ArticleClinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)2015
Proteinuria is common among HIV patients: what are we missing?
Article in Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aging with HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean: a Systematic Review.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2021Pooled it
- Protein Creatinine ratio versus 24-h test in HIV-positive and HIV-negative women with pre-eclampsia.South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care · 2026Article
- Kidney dysfunction and its associated factors among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in rural Rwanda: a cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Moderate agreement between the spot albumin‒Creatinine ratio (ACR) and urine albumin (UA) among virally suppressed adults living with HIV in botswana: a cross sectional study.AIDS research and therapy · 2025Article
- Correlation between CD4 count and glomerular filtration rate or urine protein:creatinine ratio in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.Kidney research and clinical practice · 2020Article
- Proteinuria Is Associated With Increased Risk of Fragility Fracture in Men With or at Risk of HIV Infection.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2019Article
- Prevalence of Nephrotoxicity in HIV Patients Treated with Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: A Single-center Observational Study.Oman medical journal · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesHIV-related renal diseases are the leading causes of chronic kidney diseases worldwide. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of pathological proteinuria and its risk factors among HIV patients.
methodsA review of the medical records of 666 HIV-infected individuals aged 18 years or older in an urban HIV/AIDS clinic based in Porto Alegre in southern Brazil. Overt proteinuria was defined as a protein-to-creatinine ratio greater than 150 mg/g according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes.
resultsThe prevalence of pathological proteinuria in the present study cohort was 20%. Characteristics associated with pathological proteinuria after univariate analysis included alcohol abuse, hepatitis C virus coinfection, the occurrence of diabetes and therapy including tenofovir. Adjusted residuals analysis indicated an association between pathological proteinuria and both a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mm3 and a viral load higher than 1000 copies/mL. Additionally, an absence of pathological proteinuria was associated with a CD4 lymphocyte count higher than 500 cells/mm3. After adjustment for variables with p<0.2 in the univariate analysis using a Poisson regression model, tenofovir-containing regimens and a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mm3 were significantly associated with pathological proteinuria.
conclusionThe risk of chronic kidney diseases in this large contemporary cohort of HIV-infected individuals appeared to be attributable to a combination of HIV-related risk factors. In addition to the traditional risk factors cited in the literature, both regimens containing tenofovir and HIV disease severity seem to be associated with chronic kidney diseases in patients with HIV. Assessment of proteinuria constitutes a novel method for chronic kidney disease staging in HIV-infected individuals and may be effectively used to stratify the risk of progression to end-stage renal disease.
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