Observational studyThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2016
Paradoxical Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Thyroid Hormone Levels: A Study Using Mendelian Randomization.
Open access · bronzeAbstract readObservational Study
In one paragraph
Observational study in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
26citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
4.0field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Parameters Are More Likely to Be Associated with Thyroid Hormone Levels than with Thyrotropin Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2020Pooled it
- Thyroid hormones and changes in body weight and metabolic parameters in response to weight loss diets: the POUNDS LOST trial.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2017Trial
- Low Preoperative Free Triiodothyronine, Particularly in Females, Is Associated With Reduced Weight Loss and Diabetes Remission After Bariatric Surgery in Euthyroid Adults.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2026Article
- Iodine deficiency in the first pregnancy trimester and intelligence in adolescence.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Triiodothyronine Is Associated with Incidence/Resolution of Steatotic Liver Disease: Longitudinal Study in Euthyroid Korean.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Article
- Thyroid Hormone Resistance Indices and Their Correlations With Insulin Resistance in Chinese Euthyroid Subjects.International journal of endocrinology · 2025Article
- Associations of thyroid feedback quantile-based index with diabetes in euthyroid adults in the United States and China.Annals of medicine · 2024Article
- Exploring the oral-gut microbiota during thyroid cancer: Factors affecting the thyroid functions and cancer development.Food science & nutrition · 2023Review
- Age-related variation in thyroid function - a narrative review highlighting important implications for research and clinical practice.Thyroid research · 2023Review
- The nonlinear relationship between thyroid function parameters and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Predictive Value of Free Triiodothyronine in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Article
- DNA methylation at a nutritionally sensitive region of theScience advances · 2021Article
- Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Genetically Determined Higher TSH Is Associated With a Lower Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Individuals With Low BMI.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Article
- Effect of the Cut-Off Level for Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone on the Prevalence of Subclinical Hypothyroidism among Infertile Mexican Women.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Suppressing Effect of Free Triiodothyronine on the Negative Association between Body Mass Index and Serum Osteocalcin Levels in Euthyroid Population.International journal of endocrinology · 2021Article
- Free Triiodothyronine Is Associated With Hepatic Steatosis and Liver Stiffness in Euthyroid Chinese Adults With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Article
- Thyroid Function and the Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Morbid Obesity.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Article
- Characteristics of Serum Thyroid Hormones in Different Metabolic Phenotypes of Obesity.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Article
- Organophosphate pesticides exposure in pregnant women and maternal and cord blood thyroid hormone concentrations.Environment international · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Peter N TaylorThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Rebecca RichmondThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Neil DaviesThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Adrian SayersThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Kirsty StevensonThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Wolfram WoltersdorfThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Andrew TaylorThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Alix GroomThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Kate NorthstoneThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Susan RingThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Onyebuchi OkosiemeThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Aled ReesThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Dorothea NitschThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Graham R WilliamsThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
George Davey SmithThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
John W GregoryThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Nicholas J TimpsonThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Jonathan H TobiasThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Colin M DayanThyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom.
Cardiff University · GBUniversity of Bristol · GBMedical Research Council · GBImperial College London · GBLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine · GBNational Health Service · GBRoyal United Hospital · GB
Funding
Medical Research Council G9815508Medical Research Council MC_PC_15018Medical Research Council MC_UU_12013/1Medical Research Council MC_UU_12013/3Medical Research Council MC_UU_12013/9Wellcome Trust 102215Wellcome Trust 102215/2/13/2
Abstract
contextFree T3 (FT3) has been positively associated with body mass index (BMI) in cross-sectional studies in healthy individuals. This is difficult to reconcile with clinical findings in pathological thyroid dysfunction.
objectiveWe aimed to investigate whether childhood adiposity influences FT3 levels.
designMendelian randomization using genetic variants robustly associated with BMI.
settingAvon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a population-based birth cohort.
participantsA total of 3014 children who had thyroid function measured at age 7, who also underwent dual x-ray absorptiometry scans at ages 9.9 and 15.5 years and have genetic data available.
main outcome measuresFT3.
resultsObservationally at age 7 years, BMI was positively associated with FT3: β-standardized (β-[std]) = 0.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08, 0.16), P = 4.02 × 10(-10); whereas FT4 was negatively associated with BMI: β-(std) = -0.08 (95% CI: -0.12, -0.04), P = 3.00 × 10(-5). These differences persisted after adjustment for age, sex, and early life environment. Genetic analysis indicated 1 allele change in BMI allelic score was associated with a 0.04 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.04) SD increase in BMI (P = 6.41 × 10(-17)). At age 7, a genetically determined increase in BMI of 1.89 kg/m(2) was associated with a 0.22 pmol/L (95% CI: 0.07, 0.36) increase in FT3 (P = .004) but no substantial change in FT4 0.01 mmol/L, (95% CI: -0.37, 0.40), P = .96.
conclusionOur analysis shows that children with a genetically higher BMI had higher FT3 but not FT4 levels, indicating that higher BMI/fat mass has a causal role in increasing FT3 levels. This may explain the paradoxical associations observed in observational analyses. Given rising childhood obesity levels, this relationship merits closer scrutiny.
Indexed as
Body Mass IndexAdiposityAge FactorsChildCohort StudiesEnvironmentFemaleGenetic VariationGenotypeHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMendelian Randomization AnalysisPediatric ObesityPolymorphism, Single NucleotideProspective StudiesThyroid HormonesThyroxineTriiodothyronine
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