ArticleNeuroImage. Clinical2015
Olfactory training induces changes in regional functional connectivity in patients with long-term smell loss.
Article in NeuroImage. Clinical, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04710394 (Efficacy of Bimodal Visual-Olfactory Training in Participants With COVID-19 Resultant Hyposmia or Anosmia Using Participant-Preferred Scents), which is not on this map. Cited by 69 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Efficacy of Bimodal Visual-Olfactory Training in Participants With COVID-19 Resultant Hyposmia or Anosmia Using Participant-Preferred Scents
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 153 citations in OpenAlex.
- The efficacy of olfactory training in improving olfactory function: a meta-analysis.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2024Pooled it
- Does Olfactory Training Improve Brain Function and Cognition? A Systematic Review.Neuropsychology review · 2024Pooled it
- The effectiveness of olfactory training for chronic olfactory disorder following COVID-19: a systematic review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2024Pooled it
- Treatment strategies for postviral olfactory dysfunction: A systematic review.Allergy and asthma proceedings · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of olfactory training on posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy of olfactory-visual combined training on post-viral olfactory dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Trial
- Improving taste sensitivity in healthy adults using taste recall training: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Olfactory Training for COVID-19-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Turkish archives of otorhinolaryngology · 2026Article
- Neural Changes in Patients with Post-Traumatic Anosmia: Insights from Resting-State fMRI.Journal of biomedical physics & engineering · 2026Article
- Sex differences modulate olfactory bulb volume-function relationships but not olfactory training-induced plasticity.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Olfactory enrichment mitigates delayed neurocognitive recovery after major orthopaedic surgery in older patients: A randomised controlled trial.General psychiatry · 2026Article
- Shedding light on imagined scents: an fNIRS feasibility study of olfactory mental imagery and semantic cueing.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Optimizing Odorants for Olfactory Training Based on Olfactory Receptor-Ligand Pair Analysis.The Laryngoscope · 2026Article
- The plasticity of olfactory learning in culinary students and matched controls.Brain imaging and behavior · 2025Article
- Olfactory Dysfunction and Cognitive Decline: Are They Related?Current allergy and asthma reports · 2025Review
- Article
- Scenting the Hedonic Connection: Exploring the Impact of Subjective Olfactory Dysfunction on Depressive Symptoms.PsyCh journal · 2025Article
- Mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of olfactory dysfunction in rhinosinusitis.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Functional but Not Structural Brain Changes After Olfactory Training in Women With COVID-19-Associated Olfactory Dysfunction.The Laryngoscope · 2025Article
- Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Recently, olfactory training has been introduced as a promising treatment for patients with olfactory dysfunction. However, less is known about the neuronal basis and the influence on functional networks of this training. Thus, we aimed to investigate the neuroplasticity of chemosensory perception through an olfactory training program in patients with smell loss. The experimental setup included functional MRI (fMRI) experiments with three different types of chemosensory stimuli. Ten anosmic patients (7f, 3m) and 14 healthy controls (7f, 7m) underwent the same testing sessions. After a 12-week olfactory training period, seven patients (4f, 3m) were invited for follow-up testing using the same fMRI protocol. Functional networks were identified using independent component analysis and were further examined in detail using functional connectivity analysis. We found that anosmic patients and healthy controls initially use the same three networks to process chemosensory input: the olfactory; the somatosensory; and the integrative network. Those networks did not differ between the two groups in their spatial extent, but in their functional connectivity. After the olfactory training, the sensitivity to detect odors significantly increased in the anosmic group, which was also manifested in modifications of functional connections in all three investigated networks. The results of this study indicate that an olfactory training program can reorganize functional networks, although, initially, no differences in the spatial distribution of neural activation were observed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.