Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26589814›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015

Synthetic CRISPR RNA-Cas9-guided genome editing in human cells.

Meghdad Rahdar, Moira A McMahon, Thazha P Prakash, Eric E Swayze, C Frank Bennett, Don W Cleveland

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
98citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

98 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Cas12a chRDNA-mediatedMolecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026
    Article
  3. RNA therapeutics: current status and future directions.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026
    Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. A guide RNA repeat checkpoint steers CRISPR-Cas9 catalysis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
    Article
  13. RNA chemistry and therapeutics.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2025
    Review
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. CRISPR-Cas Systems: A Functional Perspective and Innovations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
    Review
  17. Review
  18. RNA Therapeutics: Bridging Discovery and Clinical Implementation.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025
    Review
  19. Chemical Modifications in Nucleic Acid Therapeutics.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025
    Review
  20. Photocleavable Guide crRNAs for a Light-Controllable CRISPR/Cas9 System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024
    Article

38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Meghdad RahdarISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010;
Moira A McMahonLudwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.
Thazha P PrakashISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010;
Eric E SwayzeISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010;
C Frank BennettISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010; fbennett@isisph.com dcleveland@ucsd.edu.
Don W ClevelandLudwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 fbennett@isisph.com dcleveland@ucsd.edu.

Funding

NEURONAL FILAMENT SYNTHESIS, ASSEMBLY, AND FUNCTIONR01NS027036 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Bogdan Bintu, Don W Cleveland · 1989 to 2026
$11.8M
Mammalian Centromere AssemblyR01GM074150 · NIGMS · LUDWIG INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RES LTD · PI CLEVELAND, DON W · 2006 to 2016
$3.7M
The role of CENP-A and centromere components in DNA repairF32GM109657 · NIGMS · LUDWIG INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RES LTD · PI MCMAHON, MOIRA ANN · 2014 to 2015
$113k
NIGMS NIH HHS F32 GM109657NIGMS NIH HHS F32-GM109657NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM074150NIGMS NIH HHS R01-GM 074150NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS027036NINDS NIH HHS R01-NS27036
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Genome editing with the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 nuclease system is a powerful technology for manipulating genomes, including introduction of gene disruptions or corrections. Here we develop a chemically modified, 29-nucleotide synthetic CRISPR RNA (scrRNA), which in combination with unmodified transactivating crRNA (tracrRNA) is shown to functionally replace the natural guide RNA in the CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease system and to mediate efficient genome editing in human cells. Incorporation of rational chemical modifications known to protect against nuclease digestion and stabilize RNA-RNA interactions in the tracrRNA hybridization region of CRISPR RNA (crRNA) yields a scrRNA with enhanced activity compared with the unmodified crRNA and comparable gene disruption activity to the previously published single guide RNA. Taken together, these findings provide a platform for therapeutic applications, especially for nervous system disease, using successive application of cell-permeable, synthetic CRISPR RNAs to activate and then silence Cas9 nuclease activity.

Indexed as

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic RepeatsGenome, HumanRNA EditingBase SequenceGenes, SyntheticGenetic EngineeringHEK293 CellsHumansModels, GeneticMolecular Sequence DataNucleic Acid ConformationRNARNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas SystemsRNARNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas SystemsCRISPR/Cas9genome editingscrRNAsynthetic crRNA

Identifiers

PMID26589814
PMCPMC4697396

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.