ArticlePloS one2015
Lacrimal Cytokines Assessment in Subjects Exposed to Different Levels of Ambient Air Pollution in a Large Metropolitan Area.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 0 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of particulate matter and air pollution on ocular surface disease: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence.The ocular surface · 2025Pooled it
- Environmental Drivers of Dry Eye Disease: A Narrative Review of Pollutants, Climate, and Indoor Exposures with Practice Recommendations.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Review
- Absorption of Toxicants from the Ocular Surface: Potential Applications in Toxicology.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Oculomics meets exposomics: a roadmap for applying multi-modal ocular biomarkers in precision environmental health research.Exposome · 2025Review
- Ocular Surface Fluid: More than a Matrix.Toxics · 2024Review
- Article
- Time-series analysis of the association between air pollution exposure and outpatient visits for dry eye disease: a case study in Zhengzhou, China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Evidence of air pollution-related ocular signs and altered inflammatory cytokine profile of the ocular surface in Beijing.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Association between air pollution and emergency room visits for eye diseases and effect modification by temperature in Beijing, China.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
- Research advances in pathogenic mechanisms underlying air pollution-induced ocular surface diseases.Advances in ophthalmology practice and research · 2021Review
- Perfluorooctanoic acid in indoor particulate matter triggers oxidative stress and inflammation in corneal and retinal cells.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Immunologic and Non-Immunologic Mechanisms Leading to Airway Remodeling in Asthma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials to Eyes: An Important but Neglected Issue.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2019Review
- Impacts of climate change on ocular health: A scoping review.The journal of climate change and healthArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAir pollution is one of the most environmental health concerns in the world and has serious impact on human health, particularly in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and eyes. However, ocular hazardous effects to air pollutants are scarcely found in the literature.
designPanel study to evaluate the effect of different levels of ambient air pollution on lacrimal film cytokine levels of outdoor workers from a large metropolitan area.
methodsThirty healthy male workers, among them nineteen professionals who work on streets (taxi drivers and traffic controllers, high pollutants exposure, Group 1) and eleven workers of a Forest Institute (Group 2, lower pollutants exposure compared to group 1) were evaluated twice, 15 days apart. Exposure to ambient PM2.5 (particulate matter equal or smaller than 2.5 μm) was 24 hour individually collected and the collection of tears was performed to measure interleukins (IL) 2, 4, 5 and 10 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels. Data from both groups were compared using Student's t test or Mann- Whitney test for cytokines. Individual PM2.5 levels were categorized in tertiles (lower, middle and upper) and compared using one-way ANOVA. Relationship between PM2.5 and cytokine levels was evaluated using generalized estimating equations (GEE).
resultsPM2.5 levels in the three categories differed significantly (lower: ≤22 μg/m3; middle: 23-37.5 μg/m3; upper: >37.5 μg/m3; p<0.001). The subjects from the two groups were distributed unevenly in the lower category (Group 1 = 8%; Group 2 = 92%), the middle category (Group 1 = 89%; Group 2 = 11%) and the upper category (Group 1 = 100%). A significant relationship was found between IL-5 and IL-10 and PM2.5 levels of the group 1, with an average decrease of 1.65 pg/mL of IL-5 level and of 0.78 pg/mL of IL-10 level in tear samples for each increment of 50 μg/m3 of PM2.5 (p = 0.01 and p = 0.003, respectively).
conclusionHigh levels of PM2.5 exposure is associated with decrease of IL-5 and IL-10 levels suggesting a possible modulatory action of ambient air pollution on ocular surface immune response.
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