ArticleContraception2016
Engineering and characterization of simplified vaginal and seminal fluid simulants.
Article in Contraception, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- First-in-line 3D-printed intravaginal ring for nonhormonal contraception.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Vaginal Tissue Engineering Applications.Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A · 2026Article
- Formulation, development and characterization of fosfomycin tromethamine pessaries for the treatment of vaginal infections.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- First-in-line 3D-printed intravaginal ring for nonhormonal contraception.Research square · 2025Article
- Development of 3D-printed vaginal devices containing metronidazole for alternative bacterial vaginosis treatment.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2023Article
- Refining the in vitro release test method for a dapivirine-releasing vaginal ring to match in vivo performance.Drug delivery and translational research · 2023Article
- Glycogen availability and pH variation in a medium simulating vaginal fluid influence the growth of vaginal Lactobacillus species and Gardnerella vaginalis.BMC microbiology · 2023Article
- Encapsulation and release of hydrocortisone from proliposomes govern vaginal delivery.Drug delivery and translational research · 2023Article
- Review
- Segmented intravaginal ring for the combination delivery of hydroxychloroquine and anti-CCR5 siRNA nanoparticles as a potential strategy for preventing HIV infection.Drug delivery and translational research · 2022Article
- The impact of the Fungus-Host-Microbiota interplay upon Candida albicans infections: current knowledge and new perspectives.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2021Review
- Comparative genome analyses ofApplied and environmental microbiology · 2021Article
- ClinicalmSphere · 2020Article
- The High Content of Fructose in Human Semen Competitively Inhibits Broad and Potent Antivirals That Target High-Mannose Glycans.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- Comparative Analysis ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundReported vaginal and seminal fluid simulants have complex compositions with multiple preparatory steps that contribute to physical instability. We report the design and characterization of stable and simplified buffers that mimic the salient physical/chemical properties of the physiological fluids. STUDY DESIGN/
methodsHuman cervicovaginal and seminal fluid samples were collected and buffering capacity was determined. The major buffering species were identified from published compositions of reproductive tract fluids. These values were used to compute the composition of vaginal and seminal fluid simulants. Ionic strength, buffering capacities, pH and osmolalities were then calculated or experimentally determined. Finally, cytotoxicity was evaluated in HEC-1-A cells and 3D reconstructed EpiVaginal™ tissue (VEC-100-FT) using naïve cells/tissue and nonoxynol-9 as controls.
resultsThe use of calculated amounts of conjugate acid and base for buffer development resulted in compositions that did not require endpoint pH adjustment and could be formulated as stable 10× concentrates. Furthermore, due to the absence of complex divalent salts, all our proposed simulants were stable at 4 °C for 1 month whereas precipitation and pH and osmolality changes were noted in reported buffers. Experimental determination of buffering capacities yielded similar values for undiluted cervicovaginal fluid (β4.2-5.2=35.6 ± 12.3 mM, N=7) and human seminal fluid (β7-6=37.5 ± 5 mM, N=3). All neat simulants showed significant cytotoxicity in HEC-1-A cells but were well tolerated by organotypic vaginal tissue.
conclusionsWe report revised and improved compositions of buffers mimicking salient properties of vaginal and seminal fluid necessary for in vitro product evaluation. IMPLICATIONS: To support research in reproductive health and in particular drug delivery, we have designed and characterized stable new media to mimic these important fluids that can be used in a variety of in vitro studies.
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