ArticleJournal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society2015
Treatment Failures and Excess Mortality Among HIV-Exposed, Uninfected Children With Pneumonia.
Article in Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- What are the risk factors for death among children with pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries? A systematic review.Journal of global health · 2023Pooled it
- Prevalence of hypoxaemia in children with pneumonia in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Global health · 2022Pooled it
- Case fatality rate and viral aetiologies of acute respiratory tract infections in HIV positive and negative people in Africa: The VARIAFRICA-HIV systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2019Pooled it
- Infectious Morbidity, Mortality and Nutrition in HIV-exposed, Uninfected, Formula-fed Infants: Results From the HPTN 040/PACTG 1043 Trial.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2018Trial
- HIV and Pregnancy: Navigating Complex Decision Making and Preventing Perinatal Transmission.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2025Review
- Role of the upper airway microbiota in respiratory virus and bacterial pathobiont dynamics in the first year of life.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Outcomes of HIV-exposed infected and HIV-exposed uninfected children admitted to two paediatric intensive care units in South Africa: A retrospective analytical cohort study.The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society · 2025Article
- Infectivity and Immunogenicity of Live-Attenuated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Exposed Uninfected Children.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Impaired functionality of antigen presenting cells in HIV- exposed uninfected infants in the first six months of life.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- The effects of exposure to HIV in neonates at a referral hospital in South Africa.BMC pediatrics · 2021Article
- A Tale of 2 Pneumos: The Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Exposure or Infection Status on Pediatric Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pneumocystis jiroveci: A Nested Case Control Analysis From the Pneumonia Etiology Research In Child Health Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptomes reveal an over-representation of down-regulated genes associated with immunity in HIV-exposed uninfected infants.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Contemporary Issues in Pregnancy (and Offspring) in the Current HIV Era.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2019Review
- Childhood pneumonia in low-and-middle-income countries: An update.Paediatric respiratory reviews · 2019Review
- Predictors of Poor Outcomes Among Infants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus-associated Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Botswana.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2019Article
- Investigating Mediators of the Poor Pneumonia Outcomes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Exposed but Uninfected Children.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2019Article
- HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants Have Increased Regulatory T Cells That Correlate With Decreased T Cell Function.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Factors Associated with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed, uninfected (HIV-EU) children are at increased risk of infectious illnesses and mortality compared with children of HIV-negative mothers (HIV-unexposed). However, treatment outcomes for lower respiratory tract infections among HIV-EU children remain poorly defined.
methodsWe conducted a hospital-based, prospective cohort study of N = 238 children aged 1-23 months with pneumonia, defined by the World Health Organization. Children were recruited within 6 hours of presentation to a tertiary hospital in Botswana. The primary outcome--treatment failure at 48 hours--was assessed by an investigator blinded to HIV exposure status.
resultsMedian age was 6.0 months; 55% were male. One hundred fifty-three (64%) children were HIV-unexposed, 64 (27%) were HIV-EU, and 20 (8%) were HIV-infected; the HIV exposure status of 1 child could not be established. Treatment failure at 48 hours occurred in 79 (33%) children, including in 36 (24%) HIV-unexposed, 30 (47%) HIV-EU, and 12 (60%) HIV-infected children. In multivariable analyses, HIV-EU children were more likely to fail treatment at 48 hours (risk ratio [RR]: 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27-2.64, P = .001) and had higher in-hospital mortality (RR: 4.31, 95% CI: 1.44-12.87, P = .01) than HIV-unexposed children. Differences in outcomes by HIV exposure status were observed only among children under 6 months of age. HIV-EU children more frequently received treatment with a third-generation cephalosporin, but this did not reduce the risk of treatment failure in this group.
conclusionsHIV-EU children with pneumonia have higher rates of treatment failure and in-hospital mortality than HIV-unexposed children during the first 6 months of life. Treatment with a third-generation cephalosporins did not improve outcomes among HIV-EU children.
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Registered trials
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