ArticleBehavior genetics2016
Separating Family-Level and Direct Exposure Effects of Smoking During Pregnancy on Offspring Externalizing Symptoms: Bridging the Behavior Genetic and Behavior Teratologic Divide.
Article in Behavior genetics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Parental characteristics and offspring mental health and related outcomes: a systematic review of genetically informative literature.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Tobacco and Cannabis and Child Aggression at Early School Age: Role of Early Maternal Sensitivity.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Prenatal smoking and child psychopathology associations by age and sex in the ECHO cohort.Development and psychopathology · 2026Article
- Developmental Cascades From Prenatal Tobacco, Tobacco-cannabis Co-exposure to Early school-age externalizing Problems.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Conduct Problems: A Short Review of the Current Literature.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Talking to Your Patients About Alcohol, Marijuana, and Substance Use During Pregnancy.The primary care companion for CNS disorders · 2025Article
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with DNA methylation in early adolescence: A sibling comparison design.Developmental psychology · 2024Article
- Prenatal Tobacco Exposure and Behavioral Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pediatric reports · 2024Review
- Prenatal Substance Exposure.Annual review of developmental psychology · 2023Article
- The roles of familial transmission and smoking during pregnancy on executive function skills: A sibling-comparison study.Development and psychopathology · 2022Article
- Within-person decline in pregnancy smoking is observable prior to pregnancy awareness: Evidence across two independent observational cohorts.Addiction biology · 2022Observational
- Prenatal substance exposure and maternal hostility from pregnancy to toddlerhood: Associations with temperament profiles at 16 months of age.Development and psychopathology · 2021Article
- Estimating causal and time-varying effects of maternal smoking on youth smoking.Addictive behaviors · 2021Article
- Psychopathology Symptoms are Associated with Prenatal Health Practices in Pregnant Women with Heavy Smoking Levels.Maternal and child health journal · 2021Article
- The Effect of Smoking during Pregnancy on Severity and Directionality of Externalizing and Internalizing Symptoms: A Genetically Informed Approach.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Disruptive Behavior in Siblings Discordant for Exposure to Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy: A Multi-rater Approach.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Article
- Family Environment, Neurodevelopmental Risk, and the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Initiative: Looking Back and Moving Forward.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Review
- Does early maternal responsiveness buffer prenatal tobacco exposure effects on young children's behavioral disinhibition?Development and psychopathology · 2019Article
- Parenting and prenatal risk as moderators of genetic influences on conduct problems during middle childhood.Developmental psychology · 2019Article
- Aggressive behaviour in childhood and adolescence: the role of smoking during pregnancy, evidence from four twin cohorts in the EU-ACTION consortium.Psychological medicine · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) has been robustly associated with externalizing problems and their developmental precursors in offspring in studies using behavioral teratologic designs (Wakschlag et al., Am J Public Health 92(6):966-974, 2002; Espy et al., Dev Psychol 47(1):153-169, 2011). In contrast, the use of behavior genetic approaches has shown that the effects commonly attributed to MSDP can be explained by family-level variables (D'Onofrio et al., Dev Psychopathol 20(01):139-164, 2008). Reconciling these conflicting findings requires integration of these study designs. We utilize longitudinal data on a preschool proband and his/her sibling from the Midwest Infant Development Study-Preschool (MIDS-P) to test for teratologic and family level effects of MSDP. We find considerable variation in prenatal smoking patterns both within and across pregnancies within families, indicating that binary smoking measures are not sufficiently capturing exposure. Structural equation models indicate that both conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms showed unique effects of MSDP over and above family level effects. Blending high quality exposure measurement with a within-family design suggests that it is premature to foreclose the possibility of a teratologic effect of MSDP on externalizing problems. Implications and recommendations for future studies are discussed.
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