ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2015
Ginseng pharmacology: a new paradigm based on gintonin-lysophosphatidic acid receptor interactions.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Lysophosphatidic Acid (LPA) and Its Receptors in Mood Regulation: A Systematic Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Nrf2 as a therapeutic target of ginseng: A comprehensive review from preclinical evidence to clinical applications.Journal of ginseng research · 2026Review
- Neo-gintonin: production of high concentrations of lysophosphatidic acids from Korean Red ginseng marc.Journal of ginseng research · 2026Article
- Gintonin prevents paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain via spinal LPAJournal of ginseng research · 2026Article
- Ginseng Nanosizing: The Second Spring of Ginseng Therapeutic Applications.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Cell-Permeable Microprotein from Panax Ginseng Protects Against Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cardiotoxicity.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Protective effects of Panax ginseng as a medical food against chemical toxic agents: molecular and cellular mechanisms.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2024Review
- Gintonin-EnrichedCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2024Article
- Emerging evidence that ginseng components improve cognition in subjective memory impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and early Alzheimer's disease dementia.Journal of ginseng research · 2024Review
- The impact of the administration of red ginseng (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Metabolomic analysis of the impact of red ginseng on equine physiology.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Atypical formations of gintonin lysophosphatidic acids as new materials and their beneficial effects on degenerative diseases.Journal of ginseng research · 2024Review
- Cognitive function improvement effects of gintonin-enriched fraction in subjective memory impairment: An assessor- and participant-blinded placebo-controlled study.Journal of ginseng research · 2023Article
- Article
- A novel protocol for batch-separating gintonin-enriched, polysaccharide-enriched, and crude ginsenoside-containing fractions fromJournal of ginseng research · 2023Article
- Gintonin, aJournal of ginseng research · 2023Article
- Global ginseng trade networks: structural characteristics and influencing factors.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- A pharmacokinetic study on red ginseng with furosemide in equine.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Nrf2 Pathway in Huntington's Disease (HD): What Is Its Role?International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Visualization of the binding between gintonin, aJournal of ginseng research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng, is used as a traditional medicine. Despite the long history of the use of ginseng, there is no specific scientific or clinical rationale for ginseng pharmacology besides its application as a general tonic. The ambiguous description of ginseng pharmacology might be due to the absence of a predominant active ingredient that represents ginseng pharmacology. Recent studies show that ginseng abundantly contains lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs), which are phospholipid-derived growth factor with diverse biological functions including those claimed to be exhibited by ginseng. LPAs in ginseng form a complex with ginseng proteins, which can bind and deliver LPA to its cognate receptors with a high affinity. As a first messenger, gintonin produces second messenger Ca(2+) via G protein-coupled LPA receptors. Ca(2+) is an intracellular mediator of gintonin and initiates a cascade of amplifications for further intercellular communications by activation of Ca(2+)-dependent kinases, receptors, gliotransmitter, and neurotransmitter release. Ginsenosides, which have been regarded as primary ingredients of ginseng, cannot elicit intracellular [Ca(2+)]i transients, since they lack specific cell surface receptor. However, ginsenosides exhibit non-specific ion channel and receptor regulations. This is the key characteristic that distinguishes gintonin from ginsenosides. Although the current discourse on ginseng pharmacology is focused on ginsenosides, gintonin can definitely provide a mode of action for ginseng pharmacology that ginsenosides cannot. This review article introduces a novel concept of ginseng ligand-LPA receptor interaction and proposes to establish a paradigm that shifts the focus from ginsenosides to gintonin as a major ingredient representing ginseng pharmacology.
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