Trial reportClinical lung cancer2016
Estrogen Plus Progestin and Lung Cancer: Follow-up of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial.
Trial report in Clinical lung cancer, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Menopausal hormone therapy and women's health: An umbrella review.PLoS medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Female-specific risk factors for lung cancer: insights from the All of Us Research Program.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Lung cancer in non-smoking women (LCINSW): from risk factors to precision therapy.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Review
- Sex hormones and risk of lung and colorectal cancers in women: a Mendelian randomization study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Sex hormones and risk of lung and colorectal cancers in women: a Mendelian randomization study.Research square · 2024Article
- Early natural menopause is associated with poor lung health and increased mortality among female smokers.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2022Article
- Responses to: pregnancy-associated lung cancer: a clinical and scientific challenge more than treatment dilemma.Journal of thoracic disease · 2021Article
- Role of sex hormones in lung cancer.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2021Review
- Investigation of Combination Treatment With an Aromatase Inhibitor Exemestane and Carboplatin-Based Therapy for Postmenopausal Women With Advanced NSCLC.JTO clinical and research reports · 2021Article
- An Overview of Lung Cancer in Women and the Impact of Estrogen in Lung Carcinogenesis and Lung Cancer Treatment.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Review
- The prevalence and prognostic significance of estrogen receptor beta expression in non-small cell lung cancer.Translational lung cancer research · 2020Article
- Influence of Estrogen on the NSCLC Microenvironment: A Comprehensive Picture and Clinical Implications.Frontiers in oncology · 2020Review
- Influence of estrogen in non-small cell lung cancer and its clinical implications.Journal of thoracic disease · 2018Review
- Estrogen, Estrogen Receptor and Lung Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Review
- Gender, Estrogen, and Obliterative Lesions in the Lung.International journal of endocrinology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionIn the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) estrogen plus progestin trial, after 5.6 years' intervention and 8 years' median follow-up, more women died from lung cancer in the hormone therapy group (hazard ratio [HR], 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-2.52; P = .01). Now after 14 years' median follow-up, we reexamined combined hormone therapy effects on lung cancer mortality. PATIENTS AND
methodsIn the WHI placebo-controlled trial, 16,608 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years and with an intact uterus were randomly assigned to once-daily 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogen plus 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (n = 8506) or placebo (n = 8102). Incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer were assessed from multivariant proportional hazard models.
resultsAfter 14 years' cumulative follow-up, there were 219 lung cancers (0.19% per year) in the estrogen plus progestin group and 184 (0.17%) in the placebo group (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.92-1.37; P = .24). While there were more deaths from lung cancer with combined hormone therapy (153 [0.13%] vs. 132 [0.12%], respectively), the difference was not statistically significant (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.87-1.38; P = .45). The statistically significant increase in deaths from lung cancer observed during intervention in women assigned to estrogen plus progestin was attenuated after discontinuation of study pills (linear trend over time, P = .042).
conclusionThe increased risk of death from lung cancer observed during estrogen plus progestin use was attenuated after discontinuation of combined hormone therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.