ArticleThe Science of the total environment2016
Couples' urinary concentrations of benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters and the secondary sex ratio.
Article in The Science of the total environment, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- The banned sunscreen ingredients and their impact on human health: a systematic review.International journal of dermatology · 2020Pooled it
- Paternal Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Couples' Pregnancy Outcomes: A Qualitative Review of the Literature.Current environmental health reports · 2026Review
- Review
- Endocrine and Reproductive Health Considerations of Sunscreen UV Filters: Insights from a Comprehensive Review 2014-2024.Current environmental health reports · 2025Review
- A review of sources, pathways, and toxic effects of human exposure to benzophenone ultraviolet light filters.Eco-Environment & Health · 2024Review
- Maternal exposure to benzophenone derivatives and their impacts on offspring's birth outcomes in a Middle Eastern population.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- UV filters in matched seminal fluid-, urine-, and serum samples from young men.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2021Article
- Metabolism and disposition of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, a sunscreen ingredient, in Harlan Sprague Dawley rats and B6C3F1/N mice; a species and route comparison.Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems · 2020Article
- Urinary concentrations of benzophenone-3 and reproductive outcomes among women undergoing infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technologies.The Science of the total environment · 2019Article
- Maternal exposure to UV filters: associations with maternal thyroid hormones, IGF-I/IGFBP3 and birth outcomes.Endocrine connections · 2018Article
- Revisiting the Trivers-Willard theory on birth sex ratio bias: Role of paternal condition in a Malagasy primate.PloS one · 2018Article
- Simultaneous Quantitation of 2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzophenone, a Sunscreen Ingredient, and its Metabolites in Harlan Sprague Dawley Rat Plasma Following Perinatal Dietary Exposure.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2017Article
- Neurotoxic effect of active ingredients in sunscreen products, a contemporary review.Toxicology reports · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The secondary sex ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio of males to females at birth, has been investigated in relation to endocrine disruptors to search for environmental toxicants perturbing human sex selection. Benzophenone (BP)-type ultraviolet (UV) filters, which are used in sunscreens and personal care products, have been reported to exert estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities. This study aimed to evaluate the association between maternal, paternal, and couple urinary concentrations of BP-type UV filters and the SSR, given the absence of previous investigation. The study cohort comprised 220 couples who were enrolled in the Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment (LIFE) Study between 2005 and 2009 prior to conception and who had a singleton birth during the follow-up period. Couples' urinary concentrations of five BP-type UV filters (ng/mL) were measured using triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry: 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP-2), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3), 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-8), and 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP). Modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate the relative risks (RRs) of a male birth for each BP-type UV filter, after adjusting for potential confounders. When maternal and paternal urinary BP-type UV filter concentrations were modeled jointly, both maternal BP-2 (2nd vs 1st tertile, RR, 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.91) and paternal BP-2 (3rd vs 1st tertile, RR, 0.67, 95% CI, 0.45-0.99; p-trend, 0.04) were significantly associated with an excess of female births. Contrarily, maternal 4-OH-BP was significantly associated with an excess of male births (2nd vs 1st tertile, RR, 1.87, 95% CI, 1.27-2.74; 3rd vs 1st tertile, RR, 1.80, 95% CI, 1.13-2.87; p-trend, 0.02). Our findings provide the first evidence suggesting that BP-type UV filters may affect the SSR. However, future corroboration is needed, given the exploratory design of this study.
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