SynthesisInternational journal of epidemiology2016
A systematic review and meta-analysis of ambient temperature and diarrhoeal diseases.
Synthesis in International journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review investigating emerging trends between Extreme Weather Events (EWEs) and infectious disease outbreaks in South Africa.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of Climate Variability on Foodborne Diarrheal Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Public health reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Rainfall and Temperature Influences on Childhood Diarrhea and the Effect Modification Role of Water and Sanitation Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- The Effect of High and Low Ambient Temperature on Infant Health: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- The effect and attributable risk of daily temperature on category C infectious diarrhea in Guangdong Province, China.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Pooled it
- Temperature and risk of infectious diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Pooled it
- Understanding the Impact of Rainfall on Diarrhea: Testing the Concentration-Dilution Hypothesis Using a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Environmental health perspectives · 2020Pooled it
- High Temperatures and Kidney Disease Morbidity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2019Pooled it
- Modeling environmentally mediated rotavirus transmission: The role of temperature and hydrologic factors.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018Pooled it
- Climatic Drivers of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2016Pooled it
- Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: a Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought.Environmental science & technology · 2016Pooled it
- Influence of Temperature and Precipitation on the Effectiveness of Water, Sanitation, and Handwashing Interventions against Childhood Diarrheal Disease in Rural Bangladesh: A Reanalysis of the WASH Benefits Bangladesh Trial.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Trial
- Acute Diarrheal Disease Associated With Climate Variability and Water Supply System Configuration: An Ecological Study in Brazil.Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation · 2026Article
- Waterborne diseases and climate change.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Age-specific exposure to human-induced increases in humid heat.Science advances · 2026Article
- Toward a Unified Framework for Climate and Health Research: Gaps in Exposure Metrics and Health Outcomes.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Review
- Vulnerability to climate-driven pathogen-specific diarrheal diseases: secondary analysis from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study and Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa follow-up.Nature communications · 2026Article
- SIRT2 Alleviates Chronic Cold Stress-Induced Lung Injury by Regulating Lung Macrophage M1 Polarization.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Determinants of diarrhea and acute respiratory infection among under-five children in urban-rural Somalia: a nationally representative cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Climate change and infectious diseases.Nature medicine · 2026Review
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGlobal climate change is expected to increase the risk of diarrhoeal diseases, a leading cause of childhood mortality. However, there is considerable uncertainty about the magnitude of these effects and which populations bear the greatest risks.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review using defined search terms across four major databases and, additionally, examined the references of 54 review articles captured by the search. We evaluated sources of heterogeneity by pathogen taxon, exposure measure, study quality, country income level and regional climate, and estimated pooled effect estimates for the subgroups identified in the heterogeneity analysis, using meta-analysis methods.
resultsWe identified 26 studies with 49 estimates. Pathogen taxa were a source of heterogeneity. There was a positive association between ambient temperature and all-cause diarrhoea (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.10) and bacterial diarrhoea (IRR 1.07; 95% CI 1.04, 1.10), but not viral diarrhoea (IRR 0.96; 95% CI 0.82, 1.11). These associations were observed in low-, middle- and high-income countries. Only one study of protozoan diarrhoea was identified.
conclusionsChanges in temperature due to global climate change can and may already be affecting diarrhoeal disease incidence. The vulnerability of populations may depend, in part, on local pathogen distribution. However, evidence of publication bias and the uneven geographical distribution of studies limit the precision and generalizability of the pooled estimates.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.