ArticleCritical care medicine2016
The Preschool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU: Valid and Reliable Delirium Monitoring for Critically Ill Infants and Children.
Article in Critical care medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 102 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial of Quetiapine as a Treatment for Delirium in Critically Ill Children
The Usefulness of Cerebrolysin in Alleviating the Severity of Delirium in Critically Ill Patients
Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 226 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Tools available in Spanish for clinical assessment of delirium. Systematic review].Revista de neurologia · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- State of the science in pediatric ICU delirium: An integrative review.Research in nursing & health · 2020Pooled it
- Delirium Monitoring in Neurocritically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review.Critical care medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Is There Any Dose of Benzodiazepines Safe for Delirium in the PICU? A Secondary Analysis of the PICU Up! Pilot Trial Dataset.Critical care explorations · 2026Trial
- Psychiatric insights in thoracic surgery for adults and children: A narrative review.Turk gogus kalp damar cerrahisi dergisi · 2026Article
- Delirium and Iatrogenic Withdrawal Profiles in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU): A Latent Profile Analysis of Nurse-Administered Bedside Scales.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Delirium Research in Paediatric Intensive Care Units: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Trends.Nursing in critical care · 2026Review
- Feature Analysis for Evaluating the Risk of Postoperative Delirium in Pediatric Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Clinician knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of delirium in patients with grade 3 bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A national survey.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Effect of Neurologic Conditions on Delirium Duration and Time to ICU Discharge.Critical care explorations · 2026Observational
- ComparativeFrontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Psychomotor Rehabilitation for Pediatric Delirium: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating Efficacy and Brain Electrophysiological Mechanisms.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Article
- Sedation in Critically Ill Children.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of Pediatric Delirium in Critically Ill Children: A Study Using Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium Tool at a Tertiary Care Hospital.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2025Article
- Incidence of pediatric delirium and withdrawal outside the PICU: findings from a pediatric cardiology ward.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Observational
- The Challenges of Diagnosing, Managing, and Preventing Pediatric Delirium.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A Family-Centred Paediatric Delirium Bundle: A Feasibility Study.Nursing in critical care · 2025Article
- Neonatal delirium: fact or fiction? A study protocol of a prospective, observational study at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).BMJ paediatrics open · 2025Article
- National screening for delirium in paediatric intensive care units: A quality improvement initiative.Nursing in critical care · 2025Article
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
20 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesDelirium assessments in critically ill infants and young children pose unique challenges due to evolution of cognitive and language skills. The objectives of this study were to determine the validity and reliability of a fundamentally objective and developmentally appropriate delirium assessment tool for critically ill infants and preschool-aged children and to determine delirium prevalence. DESIGN AND
settingProspective, observational cohort validation study of the PreSchool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU in a tertiary medical center PICU. PATIENTS: Participants aged 6 months to 5 years and admitted to the PICU regardless of admission diagnosis were enrolled. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
resultsAn interdisciplinary team created the PreSchool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU for pediatric delirium monitoring. To assess validity, patients were independently assessed for delirium daily by the research team using the PreSchool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU and by a child psychiatrist using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. Reliability was assessed using blinded, concurrent PreSchool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU evaluations by research staff. A total of 530-paired delirium assessments were completed among 300 patients, with a median age of 20 months (interquartile range, 11-37) and 43% requiring mechanical ventilation. The PreSchool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU demonstrated a specificity of 91% (95% CI, 90-93), sensitivity of 75% (95% CI, 72-78), negative predictive value of 86% (95% CI, 84-88), positive predictive value of 84% (95% CI, 81-87), and a reliability κ-statistic of 0.79 (0.76-0.83). Delirium prevalence was 44% using the PreSchool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU and 47% by the reference rater. The rates of delirium were 53% versus 56% in patients younger than 2 years old and 33% versus 35% in patients 2-5 years old using the PreSchool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU and reference rater, respectively. The short-form PreSchool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU maintained a high specificity (87%) and sensitivity (78%) in post hoc analysis.
conclusionsThe PreSchool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU is a highly valid and reliable delirium instrument for critically ill infants and preschool-aged children, in whom delirium is extremely prevalent.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.