SynthesisIntensive care medicine2016
The reliability of the Glasgow Coma Scale: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Intensive care medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05594121 (A Pragmatic, Multi-centre, Open-label, Randomized, 12-month, Parallel Group, Superiority Study to Compare the Effectiveness of Subcutaneous Buprenorphine Depot), which is not on this map. Cited by 134 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Pragmatic, Multi-centre, Open-label, Randomized, 12-month, Parallel Group, Superiority Study to Compare the Effectiveness of Subcutaneous Buprenorphine Depot (Sublocade®) vs Daily Sublingual Buprenorphine With Naloxone (Suboxone®) for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder
Who cites it
134 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Triage Algorithms for Mass-Casualty Bioterrorism: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Visuospatial Attention Allocation as an Indicator of Cognitive Deficit in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- Pharmacological Treatment in the Management of Chronic Subdural Hematoma.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- Endotracheal intubation to reduce aspiration events in acutely comatose patients: a systematic review.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2020Pooled it
- In-hospital costs after severe traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and quality assessment.PloS one · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Correlations between diffusion tensor imaging and levels of consciousness in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2017Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of esketamine for emergency endotracheal intubation in ICU patients: a double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Effects of a scoring aid on glasgow coma score assessment and physicians' comprehension: a simulator-based randomized clinical trial.Journal of neurology · 2024Trial
- Intravenous ganaxolone for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus: Results from an open-label, dose-finding, phase 2 trial.Epilepsia · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Effect of Low Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Depression and Cognition of Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2018Trial
- Prognostic significance of the blood urea nitrogen-to-serum albumin ratio in patients with septic shock.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Article
- Risk Factors for Poor Outcomes of Mild and Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury Patients in Tanzania: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using Latent Class Analysis.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Restoring neuroplasticity after CNS trauma: cell therapy approaches in spinal cord and traumatic brain injury.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- HeLP-BAG score: a novel data-driven scoring system for predicting post-operative 30-day mortality using 24-hour preoperative data.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Article
- Cisterns and Cortical Sulci Effacement Score Predicts Early Postoperative Cerebral Infarction in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Prognostic Factors of 30-Day In-Hospital Mortality in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy.The journal of nursing research : JNR · 2026Observational
- Machine Learning-Driven Prediction of Intensive Care Units Mortality and Length of Stay: A 11-Year Retrospective Study in Hong Kong Public Hospitals.Journal of medical systems · 2026Article
- Development and temporal validation of SCRAPS scoring tool to predict poor prognosis in gram negative sepsis patients requiring early intensive care or high dependency unit admission.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
74 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) provides a structured method for assessment of the level of consciousness. Its derived sum score is applied in research and adopted in intensive care unit scoring systems. Controversy exists on the reliability of the GCS. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize evidence on the reliability of the GCS.
methodsA literature search was undertaken in MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL. Observational studies that assessed the reliability of the GCS, expressed by a statistical measure, were included. Methodological quality was evaluated with the consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments checklist and its influence on results considered. Reliability estimates were synthesized narratively.
resultsWe identified 52 relevant studies that showed significant heterogeneity in the type of reliability estimates used, patients studied, setting and characteristics of observers. Methodological quality was good (n = 7), fair (n = 18) or poor (n = 27). In good quality studies, kappa values were ≥0.6 in 85%, and all intraclass correlation coefficients indicated excellent reliability. Poor quality studies showed lower reliability estimates. Reliability for the GCS components was higher than for the sum score. Factors that may influence reliability include education and training, the level of consciousness and type of stimuli used.
conclusionsOnly 13% of studies were of good quality and inconsistency in reported reliability estimates was found. Although the reliability was adequate in good quality studies, further improvement is desirable. From a methodological perspective, the quality of reliability studies needs to be improved. From a clinical perspective, a renewed focus on training/education and standardization of assessment is required.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.