ArticlePloS one2015
RNA Sequencing Revealed Numerous Polyketide Synthase Genes in the Harmful Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcriptomic insights into polyketides and toxin biosynthesis genes in freshwater dinoflagellates.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Reduced Fitness and Elevated Oxidative Stress in the Marine CopepodAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- A single amino acid residue controls acyltransferase activity in a polyketide synthase fromiScience · 2022Article
- AMarine drugs · 2021Article
- Microalgae n-3 PUFAs Production and Use in Food and Feed Industries.Marine drugs · 2021Review
- Recent Progress in the Study of Peroxiredoxin in the Harmful Algal Bloom SpeciesAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Identification of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Synthesis Pathways in the Toxic DinophyteBiomolecules · 2020Article
- Research Progress in the Biosynthetic Mechanisms of Marine Polyether Toxins.Marine drugs · 2019Review
- The Genetic Basis of Toxin Biosynthesis in Dinoflagellates.Microorganisms · 2019Review
- RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Genes Related to Photoreception, Nutrient Uptake, and Toxicity in a Noxious Red-Tide RaphidophyteFrontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- Both modular and single-domain Type I polyketide synthases are expressed in the brevetoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis (Dinophyceae).Journal of phycology · 2017Article
- Ladder-Shaped Ion Channel Ligands: Current State of Knowledge.Marine drugs · 2017Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi forms blooms in the coastal waters of temperate regions and occasionally causes massive fish and invertebrate mortality. This study aimed to elucidate the toxic effect of K. mikimotoi on marine organisms by using the genomics approach; RNA-sequence libraries were constructed, and data were analyzed to identify toxin-related genes. Next-generation sequencing produced 153,406 transcript contigs from the axenic culture of K. mikimotoi. BLASTX analysis against all assembled contigs revealed that 208 contigs were polyketide synthase (PKS) sequences. Thus, K. mikimotoi was thought to have several genes encoding PKS metabolites and to likely produce toxin-like polyketide molecules. Of all the sequences, approximately 30 encoded eight PKS genes, which were remarkably similar to those of Karenia brevis. Our phylogenetic analyses showed that these genes belonged to a new group of PKS type-I genes. Phylogenetic and active domain analyses showed that the amino acid sequence of four among eight Karenia PKS genes was not similar to any of the reported PKS genes. These PKS genes might possibly be associated with the synthesis of polyketide toxins produced by Karenia species. Further, a homology search revealed 10 contigs that were similar to a toxin gene responsible for the synthesis of saxitoxin (sxtA) in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense. These contigs encoded A1-A3 domains of sxtA genes. Thus, this study identified some transcripts in K. mikimotoi that might be associated with several putative toxin-related genes. The findings of this study might help understand the mechanism of toxicity of K. mikimotoi and other dinoflagellates.
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