ArticleBiology letters2015
Electric shock causes physiological stress responses in shore crabs, consistent with prediction of pain.
Article in Biology letters, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of analgesia on the response to a noxious stimulus in Norway lobsters (Nephrops norvegicus).Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Changing priorities about protective shelters: a review of a key method to investigate possible pain in crustaceans.Biology letters · 2025Review
- A History of Pain Studies and Changing Attitudes to the Welfare of Crustaceans.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- Animal welfare risks from commercial practices involving cephalopod molluscs and decapod crustaceans.Animal welfare (South Mimms, England) · 2025Review
- Effects of Acetic Acid and Morphine in Shore Crabs,Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Trade-Offs between Avoidance of Noxious Electric Shock and Avoidance of Bright Light in Shore Crabs Are Consistent with Predictions of Pain.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- The Effects of Caustic Soda and Benzocaine on Directed Grooming to the Eyestalk in the Glass Prawn,Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Behavioural Indicators of Pain and Suffering in Arthropods and Might Pain Bite Back?Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Why it hurts: with freedom comes the biological need for pain.Animal cognition · 2023Article
- Methods to Induce Analgesia and Anesthesia in Crustaceans: A Supportive Decision Tool.Biology · 2023Review
- Effect of Animal Stocking Density and Habitat Enrichment on Survival and Vitality of Wild Green Shore Crabs,Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Hermit crabs, shells, and sentience.Animal cognition · 2022Review
- Anaesthesia of decapod crustaceans.Veterinary and animal science · 2022Review
- Article
- Anxiety induces long-term memory forgetting in the crayfish.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2021Article
- Humane Slaughter of Edible Decapod Crustaceans.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Review
- Why Protect Decapod Crustaceans Used as Models in Biomedical Research and in Ecotoxicology? Ethical and Legislative Considerations.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Potential Pain in Fish and Decapods: Similar Experimental Approaches and Similar Results.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2021Review
- Discrimination between nociceptive reflexes and more complex responses consistent with pain in crustaceans.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2019Article
- Physiological and Behavioral Indicators to Measure Crustacean Welfare.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Animal pain is defined by a series of expectations or criteria, one of which is that there should be a physiological stress response associated with noxious stimuli. While crustacean stress responses have been demonstrated they are typically preceded by escape behaviour and thus the physiological change might be attributed to the behaviour rather than a pain experience. We found higher levels of stress as measured by lactate in shore crabs exposed to brief electric shock than non-shocked controls. However, shocked crabs showed more vigorous behaviour than controls. We then matched crabs with the same level of behaviour and still found that shocked crabs had stronger stress response compared with controls. The finding of the stress response, coupled with previous findings of long-term motivational change and avoidance learning, fulfils the criteria expected of a pain experience.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.