ArticleAIDS (London, England)2016
Sex work and HIV incidence among people who inject drugs.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- The HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis continuum of care among women who inject drugs: A systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Psychometric properties of measures of substance use: a systematic review and meta-analysis of reliability, validity and diagnostic test accuracy.BMC medical research methodology · 2020Pooled it
- Incarceration history and risk of HIV and hepatitis C virus acquisition among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2018Pooled it
- AEGIDA: Results of a Pilot Randomized Trial of an HIV Self-Testing Intervention for Women Who Exchange Sex and Use Substances in Kazakhstan.AIDS and behavior · 2026Trial
- Willingness to use microbicides among females who use unregulated drugs in Vancouver, Canada.AIDS care · 2026Article
- Multiple Behaviors Associated with HIV Risk Among Female Sex Workers and Men who have Sex with Men: Results from Pooled Respondent-driven Sampling (RDS) Surveys - Uganda, 2021-2023.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- "I would do anything but that": Attitudes towards sex work among rural people who use drugs.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Article
- Association of sex work and social-structural factors with non-fatal overdose among women who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Article
- Recent sex work and associations with psychosocial outcomes among women living with HIV: findings from a longitudinal Canadian cohort study.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2022Article
- "You need money to get high, and that's the easiest and fastest way:" A typology of sex work and health behaviours among people who inject drugs.The International journal on drug policy · 2021Article
- Examining risk behavior and syringe coverage among people who inject drugs accessing a syringe services program: A latent class analysis.The International journal on drug policy · 2020Article
- Interest in linkage to PrEP among people who inject drugs accessing syringe services; Miami, Florida.PloS one · 2020Article
- HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for People Who Inject Drugs: The Context of Co-occurring Injection- and Sexual-Related HIV Risk in the U.S. Northeast.Substance use & misuse · 2020Article
- Employment Cessation, Long Term Labour Market Engagement and HIV Infection Risk Among People Who Inject Drugs in an Urban Canadian Setting.AIDS and behavior · 2019Article
- Prevalence and correlates of selling illicit cannabis among people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada: A ten-year prospective cohort study.The International journal on drug policy · 2019Article
- Preventing sexually transmitted and blood borne infections (STBBIs) among sex workers: a critical review of the evidence on determinants and interventions in high-income countries.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Review
- Injection of cocaine is associated with a recent HIV outbreak in people who inject drugs in Luxembourg.PloS one · 2019Article
- HIV Incidence Among Men Who Have Sex with Men and Inject Drugs in a Canadian Setting.AIDS and behavior · 2018Article
- Article
- Violence, trauma and living with HIV: Longitudinal predictors of initiating crystal methamphetamine injection among sex workers.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveAlthough the global burden of HIV infection among sex workers (SW) has been well recognized, HIV-related risks among sex workers who inject drugs (SW-IDU) have received less attention. We investigated the relationship between sex work and HIV incidence among people who inject drugs (IDU) in a Canadian setting.
designProspective cohort study.
methodsUsing Kaplan-Meier methods and the extended Cox regression, we compared HIV incidence among SW-IDU and non-SW-IDU in Vancouver, Canada, after adjusting for potential confounders.
resultsBetween 1996 and 2012, 1647 participants were included in the study, including 512 (31.1%) IDU engaged in sex work. At 5 years the HIV cumulative incidence was higher among SW-IDU in comparison to other IDU (12 vs. 7%, P = 0.001). In unadjusted Cox regression analyses, HIV incidence among SW-IDU was also elevated [relative hazard: 1.69; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-2.53]. However, in a multivariable analysis, sex work did not remain associated with HIV infection (adjusted relative hazard: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.45-1.20), with cocaine injection appearing to account for the elevated risk for HIV infection among SW-IDU.
conclusionThese data suggest that local SW-IDU have elevated rates of HIV infection. However, our exploration of risk factors among SW-IDU demonstrated that drug use patterns and environmental factors, rather than sexual risks, may explain the elevated HIV incidence among SW-IDU locally. Our findings highlight the need for social and structural interventions, including increased access to harm reduction programs and addiction treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.