ReviewEuropean clinical respiratory journal2014
Techniques of assessing small airways dysfunction.
Review in European clinical respiratory journal, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06905483 (Comparative Effects of Triple Inhaled Therapy With Budesonide/Glycopyrronium/Formoterol Versus Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium/Vilanterol on Small Airway Disease in COPD Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 138 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comparative Effects of Triple Inhaled Therapy With Budesonide/Glycopyrronium/Formoterol Versus Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium/Vilanterol on Small Airway Disease in COPD Patients: A Randomized Crossover Study
Who cites it
138 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of the Variability of Ventilation Defect Percent Generated From Hyperpolarized Noble Gas Pulmonary Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2025Pooled it
- Asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, allergy and lung function development until early adulthood: A systematic literature review.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Physiological tests of small airways function in diagnosing asthma: a systematic review.BMJ open respiratory research · 2020Pooled it
- Improvement in peripheral airway function after a 12-week exercise intervention in COPD.Respiratory research · 2026Trial
- Early-life liquefied petroleum gas cooking intervention and lung function in Guatemalan children: a randomized clinical trial.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2026Trial
- Small Airway Dysfunction Assessed by Impulse Oscillometry in Children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Preliminary Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Small Airway Dysfunction Assessed by Impulse Oscillometry in Non-Asthmatic Children with Moderate-to-Severe Persistent Allergic Rhinitis During the Early Phase of Allergen Immunotherapy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Impact of Biologics on Oscillometry Defined Small Airway Dysfunction in Uncontrolled Asthma.Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2026Review
- Association between nasal airway metabolome signatures and lung function at age 6 years among children with post-bronchiolitis asthma.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Distal Airway Inflammation Is Linked to Small Airway Dysfunction in Asthma.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Observational
- Small Airways Disease Adversely Impacts the Response to Biologic Therapies in Severe Asthma.Pulmonary therapy · 2026Article
- Diagnosis and Management of Small Airways Disease.CHEST pulmonary · 2026Review
- Clinical Significance of Reduced Forced Expiratory Volume in 3 Seconds to Forced Expiratory Volume in 6 Seconds in Adults.Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Miami, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Pulmonary Function in Parkinson's Disease: A Comparative Study of Spirometry and Impulse Oscillometry.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Effect of airway constriction on ventilation inhomogeneity: multiple-breath washout indices and intrapulmonary reverse flow.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Effects of Resistance Respiratory Training on Respiratory Muscle Strength in Healthy Active Individuals.Muscles (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Early Functional Impairment in Smokers with CT-Detected Emphysema: Spirometry Provides Complementary Physiological Information in Lung Cancer Screening.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Structural and Functional Pulmonary MRI to Predict Pulmonary Exacerbations in Cystic Fibrosis.Chest · 2026Article
- Small Airways Disease in Patients With COPD: A Question-and-Answer Approach for Everyday Clinical Practice.Chest · 2026Review
- Time-Frequency Respiratory Impedance Maps Enable Within-Breath Deep Learning for Small Airway Dysfunction Identification.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
78 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The small airways are defined as those less than 2 mm in diameter. They are a major site of pathology in many lung diseases, not least chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The small airways are frequently involved early in the course of these diseases, with significant pathology demonstrable often before the onset of symptoms or changes in spirometry and imaging. Despite their importance, they have proven relatively difficult to study. This is in part due to their relative inaccessibility to biopsy and their small size which makes their imaging difficult. Traditional lung function tests may only become abnormal once there is a significant burden of disease within them. This has led to the term 'the quiet zone' of the lung. In recent years, more specialised tests have been developed which may detect these changes earlier, perhaps offering the possibility of earlier diagnosis and intervention. These tests are now moving from the realms of clinical research laboratories into routine clinical practice and are increasingly useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory diseases. This article gives an overview of small airways physiology and some of the routine and more advanced tests of airway function.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.