ArticleThe Journal of biological chemistry2016
Exosomes from HIV-1-infected Cells Stimulate Production of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines through Trans-activating Response (TAR) RNA.
Article in The Journal of biological chemistry, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 159 papers.
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Who cites it
159 citing papers in PubMed, 206 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Biology and Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes, Targeted Drug Delivery.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Aberrant CX3CL1-CX3CR1 Signaling Reprograms Microglial Exosome Secretion via KIFC2 to Drive Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Pain.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Immune non-response despite effective antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV: A review of potential mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic approaches.HIV medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Unveiling the role of extracellular vesicles in HIV infection: molecular mechanisms, viral persistence, and therapeutic opportunities.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles in viral disease management.Current research in microbial sciences · 2026Review
- Intercellular highways of viral spread: tunneling nanotubes and extracellular vesicles at the maternal-fetal interface.Current opinion in virology · 2025Review
- Immune-Related Protein and Non-Coding RNA Cargo of Extracellular Vesicles Participate in the Chronic Inflammation Induced by HIV Infection.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
- Characterization of HIV-1 Particles Co-Purified With Three Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes From the Raji CD4 DCIR Cell Line, a Hybrid Model of CD4 T Cells and Dendritic Cells.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
- Identification of proteins in semen-derived extracellular vesicles that bind to Tat and NF-κB and that may impair HIV replication.Science signaling · 2025Article
- Review
- Effect of Kinases in Extracellular Vesicles from HIV-1-Infected Cells on Bystander Cells.Cells · 2025Article
- HIV-Tat and vascular endothelium: implications in the HIV associated brain, heart, and lung complications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Exosomes at the crossroads of HIV-1 pathogenesis and therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- A State-of-the-Art Review on the Recent Advances in Exosomes in Oncogenic Virus.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Dairy: Friend or Foe? Bovine Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Autoimmune Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Extracellular vesicle isolation methods identify distinct HIV-1 particles released from chronically infected T-cells.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
- The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Pandemic Viral Infections.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2024Review
- HIV-1 RNA in extracellular vesicles is associated with neurocognitive outcomes.Nature communications · 2024Article
99 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in a chronic illness because long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy can lower viral titers to an undetectable level. However, discontinuation of therapy rapidly increases virus burden. Moreover, patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy frequently develop various metabolic disorders, neurocognitive abnormalities, and cardiovascular diseases. We have previously shown that exosomes containing trans-activating response (TAR) element RNA enhance susceptibility of undifferentiated naive cells to HIV-1 infection. This study indicates that exosomes from HIV-1-infected primary cells are highly abundant with TAR RNA as detected by RT-real time PCR. Interestingly, up to a million copies of TAR RNA/μl were also detected in the serum from HIV-1-infected humanized mice suggesting that TAR RNA may be stable in vivo. Incubation of exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells with primary macrophages resulted in a dramatic increase of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-β, indicating that exosomes containing TAR RNA could play a direct role in control of cytokine gene expression. The intact TAR molecule was able to bind to PKR and TLR3 effectively, whereas the 5' and 3' stems (TAR microRNAs) bound best to TLR7 and -8 and none to PKR. Binding of TAR to PKR did not result in its phosphorylation, and therefore, TAR may be a dominant negative decoy molecule in cells. The TLR binding through either TAR RNA or TAR microRNA potentially can activate the NF-κB pathway and regulate cytokine expression. Collectively, these results imply that exosomes containing TAR RNA could directly affect the proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and may explain a possible mechanism of inflammation observed in HIV-1-infected patients under cART.
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