ReviewSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2015
Carbohydrate Dependence During Prolonged, Intense Endurance Exercise.
Review in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Ketogenic Diets on Anaerobic Performance in Competitive Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Nutritional Strategies for Optimizing Health, Sports Performance, and Recovery for Female Athletes and Other Physically Active Women: A Systematic Review.Nutrition reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Trial
- Associations between muscle quality and whole-body vibration exercise-induced changes in plasma hypoxanthine following an oral glucose load in healthy male subjects.Endocrine journal · 2025Trial
- High Rates of Fat Oxidation Induced by a Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet, Do Not Impair 5-km Running Performance in Competitive Recreational Athletes.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2019Trial
- Seasonal changes in energy intake and emerging indicators of energy availability in young elite Nordic skiers.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026Article
- Systems modelling of mitochondrial dynamics in different exercise regimes.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- From Routine Blood Tests to Metabolomics: A Contextual Framework for Interpreting Biomarkers of Training Load, Recovery, and Metabolic Stress in Athletes.Metabolites · 2026Review
- Does a low-carbohydrate diet impede endurance sports performance? No.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Distinct HIF1α and HIF2α functions control skeletal muscle metabolism and erythropoiesis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Energy Availability as a Neurocognitive Regulator of Endurance Performance: Integrating Metabolic, Perceptual, and Decision-Making Mechanisms-A Narrative Review.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Carbohydrate Ingestion on Exercise Metabolism and Physical Performance.Endocrine reviews · 2026Review
- The effects of short-term consumption of a Western diet on aerobic exercise performance in bank voles with inherently distinct metabolic rates.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2026Review
- Cardiorespiratory fitness and type 2 diabetes risk: A prospective cohort study with mediation analysis of biological aging in the UK Biobank.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Article
- The Myokine FGF-21 Responds in a Time-Dependent Manner to Three Different Types of Acute Exercise.Muscles (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Elite collegiate swimmers do not meet sport nutrition recommendations during heavy training: effects of sex and within-day nutrient timing.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Article
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A major goal of training to improve the performance of prolonged, continuous, endurance events lasting up to 3 h is to promote a range of physiological and metabolic adaptations that permit an athlete to work at both higher absolute and relative power outputs/speeds and delay the onset of fatigue (i.e., a decline in exercise intensity). To meet these goals, competitive endurance athletes undertake a prodigious volume of training, with a large proportion performed at intensities that are close to or faster than race pace and highly dependent on carbohydrate (CHO)-based fuels to sustain rates of muscle energy production [i.e., match rates of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis with rates of resynthesis]. Consequently, to sustain muscle energy reserves and meet the daily demands of training sessions, competitive athletes freely select CHO-rich diets. Despite renewed interest in high-fat, low-CHO diets for endurance sport, fat-rich diets do not improve training capacity or performance, but directly impair rates of muscle glycogenolysis and energy flux, limiting high-intensity ATP production. When highly trained athletes compete in endurance events lasting up to 3 h, CHO-, not fat-based fuels are the predominant fuel for the working muscles and CHO, not fat, availability becomes rate limiting for performance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.