ArticleScientific reports2015
Adaptation of H9N2 AIV in guinea pigs enables efficient transmission by direct contact and inefficient transmission by respiratory droplets.
Article in Scientific reports, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- The molecular basis of antigenic variation among A(H9N2) avian influenza viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2018Pooled it
- Genetic evolution, phylodynamics, geographic spread of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in China from 2014 to 2025: an increasing potential zoonotic risk.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Article
- Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in poultry in Shandong Province, China, 2021-2023.Poultry science · 2026Article
- H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1e lineage transition in Lao PDR during 2023-2024 associated with regional spread and human infection risk-associated receptor-binding features.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Adaptive mutations in HA of avian H9N2 influenza viruses facilitate their transmission to swine.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Isoleucine at position 137 of haemagglutinin acts as a mammalian adaptation marker of H9N2 avian influenza virus.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- A High-Yield Recombinant Inactivated Whole-Virion Nasal Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Vaccine with an Attenuated PB2 Gene.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Genetic diversity of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in poultry across China and implications for zoonotic transmission.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Evolutionary dynamics and molecular epidemiology of H1N1 pandemic 2009 influenza A viruses across swine farms in Denmark.Virus evolution · 2025Article
- Influenza Virus Genomic Mutations, Host Barrier and Cross-species Transmission.Current genomics · 2025Review
- Genetic insights of H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in Mali and phylogeographic patterns in Northern and Western Africa.Virus evolution · 2024Article
- Vaccination and Antiviral Treatment against Avian Influenza H5Nx Viruses: A Harbinger of Virus Control or Evolution.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Transmission of H9N2 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus (LPAIV) in a Challenge-Transmission Model.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Review
- Review
- Genetic determinants of receptor-binding preference and zoonotic potential of H9N2 avian influenza viruses.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- H9 Influenza Viruses: An Emerging Challenge.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2020Review
- Adaptation of H9N2 Influenza Viruses to Mammalian Hosts: A Review of Molecular Markers.Viruses · 2020Review
- The honeybee (Apis mellifera) developmental state shapes the genetic composition of the deformed wing virus-A quasispecies during serial transmission.Scientific reports · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulate worldwide in poultry and have sporadically infected humans, raising concern whether H9N2 viruses have pandemic potential. Here, we use a guinea pig model to examine whether serial passage results in adaptive viral changes that confer a transmissible phenotype to a wild-type H9N2 virus. After nine serial passages of an H9N2 virus through guinea pigs, productive transmission by direct contact occurred in 2/3 guinea pig pairs. The efficiency of transmission by direct contact increased following the fifteenth passage and occurred in 3/3 guinea pig pairs. In contrast, airborne transmission of the passaged virus was less efficient and occurred in 1/6 guinea pig pairs and 0/6 ferret pairs after the fifteenth passage. Three amino acid substitutions, HA1-Q227P, HA2-D46E, and NP-E434K, were sufficient for contact transmission in guinea pigs (2/3 pairs). The two HA amino acid substitutions enhanced receptor binding to α2,3-linked sialic acid receptors. Additionally, the HA2-D46E substitution increased virus thermostability whereas the NP-E434K mutation enhanced viral RNA polymerase activity in vitro. Our findings suggest that adaptive changes that enhance viral receptor binding, thermostability, and replicative capacity in mammalian cells can collectively enhance the transmissibility of H9N2 AIVs by direct contact in the guinea pig model.
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