ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2015
Interleukin-21 combined with ART reduces inflammation and viral reservoir in SIV-infected macaques.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Hitchhiker Guide to CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- The TLR9 agonist MGN1703 triggers a potent type I interferon response in the sigmoid colon.Mucosal immunology · 2018Trial
- Phenotypic analysis of productively SIV-infected cells in blood and lymphoid tissues of rhesus macaques.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Modulation of pulmonary IL-21 expression during latent TB and M. tuberculosis/SIV coinfection.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Transient tissue residency and lymphatic egress define human CD56Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Advances in host-directed therapy for tuberculosis and HIV coinfection: enhancing immune responses.Trends in microbiology · 2025Review
- Safety, pharmacokinetics, and biological activity of CD4-mimetic BNM-III-170 in SHIV-infected rhesus macaques.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- IL-21 and anti-α4β7 dual therapy during ART promotes immunological and microbiome responses in SIV-infected macaques.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Dual blockade of IL-10 and PD-1 leads to control of SIV viral rebound following analytical treatment interruption.Nature immunology · 2024Article
- Quantitative and Qualitative Distinctions between HIV-1 and SIV Reservoirs: Implications for HIV-1 Cure-Related Studies.Viruses · 2024Review
- Timing of initiation of anti-retroviral therapy predicts post-treatment control of SIV replication.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Modulation of type I interferon responses potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and inflammation in rhesus macaques.Science immunology · 2023Article
- TREM2Nature communications · 2023Article
- Article
- CD8Nature microbiology · 2023Article
- Modulation of type I interferon responses potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and inflammation in rhesus macaques.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2022Article
- Limited impact of fingolimod treatment during the initial weeks of ART in SIV-infected rhesus macaques.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Interleukin-10 contributes to reservoir establishment and persistence in SIV-infected macaques treated with antiretroviral therapy.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2022Article
- Knowns and Unknowns about CAR-T Cell Dysfunction.Cancers · 2022Review
- So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research.Viruses · 2022Review
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Despite successful control of viremia, many HIV-infected individuals given antiretroviral therapy (ART) exhibit residual inflammation, which is associated with non-AIDS-related morbidity and mortality and may contribute to virus persistence during ART. Here, we investigated the effects of IL-21 administration on both inflammation and virus persistence in ART-treated, SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). Compared with SIV-infected animals only given ART, SIV-infected RMs given both ART and IL-21 showed improved restoration of intestinal Th17 and Th22 cells and a more effective reduction of immune activation in blood and intestinal mucosa, with the latter maintained through 8 months after ART interruption. Additionally, IL-21, in combination with ART, was associated with reduced levels of SIV RNA in plasma and decreased CD4(+) T cell levels harboring replication-competent virus during ART. At the latest experimental time points, which were up to 8 months after ART interruption, plasma viremia and cell-associated SIV DNA levels remained substantially lower than those before ART initiation in IL-21-treated animals but not in controls. Together, these data suggest that IL-21 supplementation of ART reduces residual inflammation and virus persistence in a relevant model of lentiviral disease and warrants further investigation as a potential intervention for HIV infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.