ArticleEuropean archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience2016
First- and second-generation antipsychotic drug treatment and subcortical brain morphology in schizophrenia.
Article in European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychotropic medications and their interactions with subcortical brain volume in bipolar disorder: An ENIGMA mega-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Variability and Magnitude of Choline Levels Across the Psychosis Spectrum: A Meta-analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Pooled it
- Longitudinal brain structural changes during clozapine treatment: associations with neuroreceptor architecture and clinical response.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Associations between glutamate and cerebral blood flow in treatment-resistant schizophrenia during clozapine treatment.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Distinct subcortical neuroanatomic profiles of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: structural magnetic resonance imaging study.BJPsych open · 2026Article
- Risperidone reduces individualized morphometric similarity deviation in schizophrenia and associates with cortical transcriptomic patterns.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Subcortical volume alteration and correlation with social function under chlorpromazine versus clozapine treatment in schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Subcortical volumes, frontal cortical thickness, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in schizophrenia versus methamphetamine-induced psychosis.Brain imaging and behavior · 2025Article
- Increasing conceptual clarity and confounders identification: a pragmatic way to enhance prognostic precision in ENIGMA clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P).Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- A longitudinal study of hippocampal subfield volumes and hippocampal glutamate levels in antipsychotic-naïve first episode psychosis patients.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- A 10-Year Longitudinal Study of Brain Cortical Thickness in People with First-Episode Psychosis Using Normative Models.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Article
- Glia-related Acute Effects of Risperidone and Haloperidol in Hippocampal Slices and Astrocyte Cultures from Adult Wistar Rats: A Focus on Inflammatory and Trophic Factor Release.Neurochemical research · 2024Article
- Current Auditory Hallucinations Are Not Associated With Specific White Matter Diffusion Alterations in Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2024Article
- A subtype of institutionalized patients with schizophrenia characterized by pronounced subcortical and cognitive deficits.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Subcortical volume reduction and cortical thinning 3 months after switching to clozapine in treatment resistant schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2022Article
- Aberrant default mode connectivity in adolescents with early-onset psychosis: A resting state fMRI study.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2022Article
- Clinical and cortical similarities identified between bipolar disorder I and schizophrenia: A multivariate approach.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Article
- Distinct neuroanatomic subtypes in antipsychotic-treated patients with schizophrenia classified by the predefined classification in a never-treated sample.Psychoradiology · 2021Article
- Dose response of the 16p11.2 distal copy number variant on intracranial volume and basal ganglia.Molecular psychiatry · 2020Article
- Distinct structural brain circuits indicate mood and apathy profiles in bipolar disorder.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antipsychotic medication may influence brain structure, but to what extent effects of first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) and second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) differ is still not clear. Here we aimed to disentangle the effects of FGA and SGA on variation in volumes of subcortical structures in patients with long-term treated schizophrenia. Magnetic resonance images were obtained from 95 patients with schizophrenia and 106 healthy control subjects. Among the patients, 40 received only FGA and 42 received only SGA. FreeSurfer 5.3.0 was used to obtain volumes of 27 subcortical structures as well as total brain volume and estimated intracranial volume. Findings of reduced total brain volume, enlarged ventricular volume and reduced hippocampal volume bilaterally among patients were replicated, largely independent of medication class. In the basal ganglia, FGA users had larger putamen bilaterally and right caudate volume compared to healthy controls, and the right putamen was significantly larger than among SGA users. FGA and SGA users had similar and larger globus pallidus volumes compared to healthy controls. Post hoc analyses revealed that the difference between FGA and SGA could be attributed to smaller volumes in the clozapine users specifically. We therefore conclude that basal ganglia volume enlargements are not specific to FGA.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.