ArticleAIDS (London, England)2015
Effectiveness of hormonal contraception in HIV-infected women using antiretroviral therapy.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of contraceptive continuation among women living with HIV.Contraception · 2018Pooled it
- Drug interactions between hormonal contraceptives and antiretrovirals.AIDS (London, England) · 2017Pooled it
- Brief Report: Dapivirine Vaginal Ring Use Does Not Diminish the Effectiveness of Hormonal Contraception.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2017Trial
- Unmet patient needs and information gaps in fertility counseling for persons living with HIV/AIDS: Evidence from Ghana.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of levonorgestrel implant and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable for women with HIV on efavirenz.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2024.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Pregnancies among women living with HIV using contraceptives and antiretroviral therapy in western Kenya: a retrospective, cohort study.BMC medicine · 2021Article
- Missed opportunities for family planning counselling among HIV-positive women receiving HIV Care in Uganda.BMC women's health · 2020Article
- Article
- A pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic evaluation of contraceptive implants and antiretroviral therapy among women in Kenya and Uganda.AIDS (London, England) · 2019Article
- Perspectives on contraceptive implant use in women living with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa: a qualitative study among primary healthcare providers and stakeholders.BMC public health · 2019Article
- Pregnancy intention and contraceptive use among HIV-positive Malawian women at 4-26 weeks post-partum: A nested cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2019Article
- Contraceptive Use Among HIV-Infected Females with History of Injection Drug Use in St. Petersburg, Russia.AIDS and behavior · 2018Article
- Misreporting of contraceptive hormone use in clinical research participants.Contraception · 2018Article
- Strategies for improving the lives of US women aged 40 and above living with HIV/AIDS: an evidence map.Systematic reviews · 2018Article
- From Pill to Condom, or Nothing at all: HIV Diagnosis and Discontinuation of Highly Effective Contraceptives Among Women in Northeast Brazil.AIDS and behavior · 2018Article
- Current and future contraceptive options for women living with HIV.Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy · 2018Review
- Prevalence and Factors Associated with Contraceptive Use among HIV-Infected Women of Reproductive Age Attending Infectious Disease Clinic at Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, Northern Uganda.BioMed research international · 2018Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe objective of this study is to assess whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) may diminish the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptive methods.
methodsUsing data from 5153 HIV-infected women followed prospectively for 1-3 years in three HIV prevention studies in Africa, we compared incident pregnancy rates by contraceptive method (implant, injectable, oral or none) and ART use. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to determine adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and test interactions between each method and ART use.
resultsDuring follow-up, 9% of women ever used implants, 40% used injectables and 14% used oral contraceptives; 31% of women ever used ART, mostly nevirapine (75% of ART users) or efavirenz-based (15%). Among women not using contraception, pregnancy rates were 13.2 and 22.5 per 100 women-years for those on and not on ART, respectively. Implants greatly reduced the incidence of pregnancy among both women on ART [aHR 0.06, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.01-0.45] and not on ART (aHR 0.05, 95% CI 0.02-0.11). Injectables (aHR 0.18 on ART and aHR 0.20 not on ART) and oral contraceptives (aHR 0.37 on ART and aHR 0.36 not on ART) also reduced pregnancy risk, though by lesser degrees. ART use did not significantly diminish contraceptive effectiveness, although all methods showed nonstatistically significant reduced effectiveness when concurrently using efavirenz.
conclusionHormonal contraceptive methods are highly effective in reducing pregnancy risk in HIV-infected women, including those concurrently using ART. Studies of potential interactions between ART and contraceptives should evaluate real-world effectiveness of contraceptive methods; in this study, implants were the most effective method to prevent pregnancy, even during ART use.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.