ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2015
Determinants of Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Case-Control Study in Gedaref State, Sudan.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of human visceral leishmaniasis and its risk factors in Eastern Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Environmental and socioeconomic risk factors associated with visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review.Parasitology research · 2020Pooled it
- Housing Characteristics and Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2018Pooled it
- Determinants of Leishmania infection in refugee camps in Gambella and Benishangul Gumuz regional states of Ethiopia: a matched case-control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Sero-Prevalence of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Associated Risk Factors among Febrile Patients Attending Metema Hospital, West Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia.Acta parasitologica · 2024Article
- Social Demographic Characteristics Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis in West Pokot, Kenya.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Re-emergence and influencing factors of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in the extension region of Loess Plateau, China.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Spatio-Temporal Analysis and Clinical-Epidemiological Characterization of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Maranhão, Brazil, from 2009 to 2020.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Sex-structured disease transmission model and control mechanisms for visceral leishmaniasis (VL).PloS one · 2024Article
- Epidemiological profile of visceral leishmaniasis in northern Morocco (2009-2018).The Pan African medical journal · 2024Article
- Article
- Anticipating visceral leishmaniasis epidemics due to the conflict in Northern Ethiopia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Establishment of an indicator framework for the transmission risk of the mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the Delphi-entropy weight method.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2022Review
- Seroprevalence of visceral leishmaniasis and its associated factors among asymptomatic pastoral community of Dire District, Borena zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Determinants of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis by case-control study in Morocco.PloS one · 2022Article
- Outdoor Residual Insecticide Spraying (ODRS), a New Approach for the Control of the Exophilic Vectors of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis: Phlebotomus orientalis in East Africa.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Article
- A fine scale eco-epidemiological study on endemic visceral leishmaniasis in north ethiopian villages.Acta tropica · 2018Article
- "The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2018Article
- Changing demographics of visceral leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil: Lessons for the future.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImproving knowledge on local determinants of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is crucial to guide the development of relevant control strategies. This study aimed to identify individual and household level determinants of primary VL in 24 highly endemic villages of Tabarak Allah hospital's catchment area, Gedaref State, Sudan.
methodsFrom September 2012 to July 2013, in an unmatched case-control design, 198 patients with primary VL were compared to 801 controls free of VL symptoms and with a negative VL rapid test. Using random spatial sampling, controls were selected with a distribution of age, sex and village of residence proportionate to the distribution of the target population. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire.
resultsChildren and men were at higher risk of VL. Reporting VL patient(s) in the household in the previous year was the strongest VL risk factor. In a multivariate analysis, VL risk increased with household size, sleep location (outside the yard, not in the farm), evening outdoor activities in the rainy season (playing, watching TV, radio listening), use of ground nut oil as animal repellent and of smoke of Acacia seyal as indoor repellent, presence of dogs in the yard at night, Acacia nilotica in the yard's immediate surroundings and of a forest at eye range. VL risk appeared to decrease with the use of drinking water sources other than the village water tank, a buffer distance from the adjacent house yard, and with the presence of animals other than dogs in the yard at night. In contrast with previous studies, housing factors, mosquito-net use, black cotton soil, ethnicity, socioeconomic index, presence of Balanites aegyptica and Azadirachta indica in the yard were not independent VL determinants. DISCUSSION AND
conclusionAlthough these results do not provide evidence of causality, they provide useful suggestions for guiding further intervention studies on VL preventive measures.
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