Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26543300›Full record

ReviewDisease markers2015

Gamma-Glutamyltransferase: A Predictive Biomarker of Cellular Antioxidant Inadequacy and Disease Risk.

Gerald Koenig, Stephanie Seneff

Open access · hybridAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Disease markers, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 153 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
153citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
13.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

153 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 316 citations in OpenAlex.

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  14. Blood-Based Biomarkers for Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026
    Review
  15. Exploring correlations of CA19-9 with serum enzyme ratios: can layered biomarker strategies enhance prognostic accuracy in pancreatic cancer?Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026
    Review
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93 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Gerald KoenigHealth-e-Iron, LLC, 2800 Waymaker Way, No. 12, Austin, TX 78746, USA ; Iron Disorders Institute, Greenville, SC 29615, USA.
Stephanie SeneffComputer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Iron Disorders Institute · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a well-established serum marker for alcohol-related liver disease. However, GGT's predictive utility applies well beyond liver disease: elevated GGT is linked to increased risk to a multitude of diseases and conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and all-cause mortality. The literature from multiple population groups worldwide consistently shows strong predictive power for GGT, even across different gender and ethnic categories. Here, we examine the relationship of GGT to other serum markers such as serum ferritin (SF) levels, and we suggest a link to exposure to environmental and endogenous toxins, resulting in oxidative and nitrosative stress. We observe a general upward trend in population levels of GGT over time, particularly in the US and Korea. Since the late 1970s, both GGT and incident MetS and its related disorders have risen in virtual lockstep. GGT is an early predictive marker for atherosclerosis, heart failure, arterial stiffness and plaque, gestational diabetes, and various liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, other infectious diseases, and several life-threatening cancers. We review literature both from the medical sciences and from life insurance industries demonstrating that serum GGT is a superior marker for future disease risk, when compared against multiple other known mortality risk factors.

Indexed as

Oxidative StressBiomarkersDiabetes Mellitusgamma-GlutamyltransferaseHumansMetabolic SyndromeRenal Insufficiency, ChronicBiomarkersgamma-Glutamyltransferasegamma-glutamyltransferase, human

Identifiers

PMID26543300
PMCPMC4620378
OpenAlexW1929620983

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.