ArticleAntimicrobial resistance and infection control2015
The effect of preheated versus room-temperature skin disinfection on bacterial colonization during pacemaker device implantation: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial.
Article in Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of five versus two personnel on bacterial air contamination during preparation of sterile surgical goods in the operating room: a randomised controlled trial.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Trial
- Characteristics and Risk Factors of Intraoperative Hypothermia in Adults: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Clinical Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The bactericidal efficacy of two antiseptics against common pathogens associated with catheter-associated urinary tract infection in the elderly under divergent conditions: A laboratory-based study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Impact of postoperative skin disinfection with chlorhexidine on bacterial colonisation following shoulder arthroplasty surgery: a controlled randomised study.Infection prevention in practice · 2024Article
- Patients experience of warmth and coldness in connection with surgery - a phenomenological study.International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being · 2021Article
- Thermo-Plasmonic Killing ofMaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn clinical practice, patients who are awake often comment that cold surgical skin disinfectant is unpleasant. This is not only a problem of patients' experience; heat loss during the disinfection process is a problem that can result in hypothermia. Evidence for the efficacy of preheated disinfection is scarce. We tested whether preheated skin disinfectant was non-inferior to room-temperature skin disinfectant on reducing bacterial colonization during pacemaker implantation.
methodsThis randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial included 220 patients allocated to skin disinfection with preheated (36 °C) or room-temperature (20 °C) chlorhexidine solution in 70 % ethanol. Cultures were obtained by swabbing at 4 time-points; 1) before skin disinfection (skin surface), 2) after skin disinfection (skin surface), 3) after the incision (subcutaneously in the wound), and 4) before suturing (subcutaneously in the wound).
resultsThe absolute difference in growth between patients treated with preheated versus room-temperature skin disinfectant was zero (90 % CI -0.101 to 0.101; preheated: 30 of 105 [28.6 %] vs. room-temperature: 32 of 112 [28.6 %]). The pre-specified margin for statistical non-inferiority in the protocol was set at 10 % for the preheated disinfectant. There were no significant differences between groups regarding SSIs three month postoperatively, which occurred in 0.9 % (1 of 108) treated with preheated and 1.8 % (2 of 112) treated with room-temperature skin disinfectant.
conclusionPreheated skin disinfection is non-inferior to room-temperature disinfection in bacterial reduction. We therefore suggest that preheated skin disinfection become routine in clean surgery.
trial registrationThe study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCTO2260479).
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