ReviewFrontiers in immunology2015
Infection as an Environmental Trigger of Multiple Sclerosis Disease Exacerbation.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04300868 (Immunisation Status Against Major Communicable Diseases Preventable With Vaccines, and Safety of Vaccines, in a Cohort of MS Patients. An Italian Multicenter Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 73 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Immunisation Status Against Major Communicable Diseases Preventable With Vaccines, and Safety of Vaccines, in a Cohort of MS Patients. An Italian Multicenter Study
Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed.
- A smartphone sensor-based digital outcome assessment of multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2022Trial
- Evaluation of Documented Infections by Provider Specialty in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Disease-Modifying Therapies: A Claims Database Analysis.Advances in therapy · 2026Article
- The lung-brain axis in neurodegeneration: inflammatory, immune, and vascular mechanisms with therapeutic implications.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Viral associations in multiple sclerosis: pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Virology journal · 2026Review
- Broad-spectrum antiviral brincidofovir inhibits Epstein-Barr virus and related gammaherpesvirus in human and nonhuman primate cells.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Multiple Sclerosis in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1A - A Case Report and Literature Review.Journal of central nervous system disease · 2026Article
- Potential mechanisms linking bacterial factors to the development and progression of multiple sclerosis.Infectious medicine · 2025Review
- Epstein-Barr virus infection and vitamin D deficiency are both "causal" for multiple sclerosis (MS) - could the common denominator be their effects on hepcidin levels?Metabolic brain disease · 2025Review
- Cellular and humoral vaccination response under immunotherapies-German consensus on vaccination strategies in neurological autoimmune diseases.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025Article
- Impact of Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 on Neuroinflammation in PARK2 Knockout Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Potential beneficial effect of IFN-β1a and ocrelizumab in people with MS during the COVID-19 pandemic.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2024Article
- Long-Term Observation of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Response upon High Efficacy Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis-A Real-World Scenario.Vaccines · 2024Article
- COVID-19 vaccination and relapse activity: A nationwide cohort study of patients with multiple sclerosis in Denmark.European journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Humoral Response to SARS-COV-2 Vaccination in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Real-World Study.Neurology and therapy · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage and Associated Factors in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Review
- Evaluation of willingness to obtain of Covid 19 vaccine in patients with multiple sclerosis.American journal of neurodegenerative disease · 2024Article
- The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: a series of unfortunate events.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2023Article
- Article
- Respiratory issues in patients with multiple sclerosis as a risk factor during SARS-CoV-2 infection: a potential role for exercise.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2023Review
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over the past several decades, significant advances have been made in identifying factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and have culminated in the approval of some effective therapeutic strategies for disease intervention. However, the mechanisms by which environmental factors, such as infection, contribute to the pathogenesis and/or symptom exacerbation remain to be fully elucidated. Relapse frequency in MS patients contributes to neurological impairment and, in the initial phases of disease, serves as a predictor of poor disease prognosis. The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence that supports a role for peripheral infection in modulating the natural history of this disease. Evidence supporting a role for infection in promoting exacerbation in animal models of MS is also reviewed. Finally, a few mechanisms by which infection may exacerbate symptoms of MS and other neurological diseases are discussed. Those who comprise the majority of MS patients acquire approximately two upper-respiratory infections per year; furthermore, this type of infection doubles the risk for MS relapse, underscoring the contribution of this relationship as being potentially important and particularly detrimental.
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