SynthesisCirculation. Cardiovascular genetics2015
Effect of Smoking on Blood Pressure and Resting Heart Rate: A Mendelian Randomization Meta-Analysis in the CARTA Consortium.
Synthesis in Circulation. Cardiovascular genetics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Comparison of the health-related outcomes for traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, heat-not-burn cigarettes and snus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Association Between Smoking and Hypertension in Pregnancy Among Japanese Women: A Meta-analysis of Birth Cohort Studies in the Japan Birth Cohort Consortium (JBiCC) and JECS.Journal of epidemiology · 2023Pooled it
- Influence of Smoking Status on Risk of Incident Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Pooled it
- Tobacco smoking and the risk of sudden cardiac death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.European journal of epidemiology · 2018Pooled it
- Cigarette smoking and risk of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.International urology and nephrology · 2018Pooled it
- Investigating the causal effect of smoking on hay fever and asthma: a Mendelian randomization meta-analysis in the CARTA consortium.Scientific reports · 2017Pooled it
- Trial
- Lifestyle Subgroups and its Relationship with the Incidence of Hypertension in the Population of Azar Cohort: A Latent Class Analysis.Health promotion perspectives · 2026Article
- Differential Assessment of the Global Tobacco Index and Smoking Intensity and Duration on Blood Pressure in Peruvian Adults.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Risk Among Stroke Survivors With Combustible and Electronic Cigarettes: A Nationwide Study in Korean Men.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Metabolic syndrome and carotid plaque in Chinese taxi drivers: a cross-sectional study of 5,999 participants.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- The Impact of Smoking-Associated Genetic Variants on Post-Exercise Heart Rate.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Impact of Alcohol Consumption Frequency and Tobacco Use on Blood Pressure (DBP, SBP, HR): A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of sciences, basic and applied research · 2025Article
- Article
- Short-term effects of electronic cigarette smoking on cardiorespiratory parameters, volatile organic compounds and inflammatory markers.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- Relationship between tobacco smoking and metabolic syndrome: a Mendelian randomization analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Article
- Formerly Smoking and Currently Smoking Cancer Survivors' View on Smoking Cessation - A Qualitative Study.Tobacco use insights · 2025Article
- Risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases among government employees in Nepal: insights from a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Sex differences in hypertension incidence and risk factors: a population-based cohort study in Southern Iran.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Identification of Novel Proteins Mediating Causal Association Between Smoking and Essential Hypertension: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
60 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSmoking is an important cardiovascular disease risk factor, but the mechanisms linking smoking to blood pressure are poorly understood. METHODS AND
resultsData on 141 317 participants (62 666 never, 40 669 former, 37 982 current smokers) from 23 population-based studies were included in observational and Mendelian randomization meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, and resting heart rate. For the Mendelian randomization analyses, a genetic variant rs16969968/rs1051730 was used as a proxy for smoking heaviness in current smokers. In observational analyses, current as compared with never smoking was associated with lower systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure and lower hypertension risk, but with higher resting heart rate. In observational analyses among current smokers, 1 cigarette/day higher level of smoking heaviness was associated with higher (0.21 bpm; 95% confidence interval 0.19; 0.24) resting heart rate and slightly higher diastolic blood pressure (0.05 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval 0.02; 0.08) and systolic blood pressure (0.08 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval 0.03; 0.13). However, in Mendelian randomization analyses among current smokers, although each smoking increasing allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with higher resting heart rate (0.36 bpm/allele; 95% confidence interval 0.18; 0.54), there was no strong association with diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, or hypertension. This would suggest a 7 bpm higher heart rate in those who smoke 20 cigarettes/day.
conclusionsThis Mendelian randomization meta-analysis supports a causal association of smoking heaviness with higher level of resting heart rate, but not with blood pressure. These findings suggest that part of the cardiovascular risk of smoking may operate through increasing resting heart rate.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.