ArticleBMC cancer2015
Women's experience with home-based self-sampling for human papillomavirus testing.
Article in BMC cancer, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of HPV screening modalities within primary care: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Canadian Guideline on the Management of a Positive Human Papillomavirus Test and Guidance for Specific Populations.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2023Guideline
- Cost-effectiveness studies of HPV self-sampling: A systematic review.Preventive medicine · 2020Pooled it
- The acceptability of vaginal smear self-collection for screening for cervical cancer: a systematic review.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2017Pooled it
- Trial
- Acceptability of home-based HPV self-sampling for cervical cancer screening among users and providers in the West region of Cameroon: a cross-sectional study.BMC health services research · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Human papillomavirus self-testing among unscreened and under-screened Māori, Pasifika and Asian women in Aotearoa New Zealand: A preference survey among responders and interviews with clinical-trial nonresponders.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2022Trial
- Implementation of a self-sampling HPV test for non-responders to cervical cancer screening in Japan: secondary analysis of the ACCESS trial.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Reactions of women underscreened for cervical cancer who received unsolicited human papillomavirus self-sampling kits.Journal of medical screening · 2020Trial
- Clinician and Patient Acceptability of Self-Collected Human Papillomavirus Testing for Cervical Cancer Screening.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2017Trial
- Insights of Vietnamese American Women on Cervical Cancer Screening and HPV Self-Sampling.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Women's reasoning and experience in the cervical cancer screening programme when offered a self-sampling HPV test: a qualitative content analysis.BMC women's health · 2026Article
- Perceived barriers and facilitators to conventional cervical screening: a qualitative study among women, primary health workers and community representatives in Uganda.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Development and Evaluation of Innovation Scales for Mail-Based Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Self-Collection Among U.S. Low-Income Women.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2025Article
- Article
- "Mana Motuhake - I am in Charge and Have Control Over my Body": a Cross-Sectional Survey Describing Māori Participants' Experience with HPV Primary Screening in Aotearoa New Zealand.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- The Use of Self-Sampling Devices via a Smartphone Application to Encourage Participation in Cervical Cancer Screening: A Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Syndromic and biological screening for sexually transmitted infections in female sex workers in Côte d'Ivoire: the ANRS 12381 PRINCESSE cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Primary human papillomavirus testing by clinician- versus self-collection: Awareness and acceptance among cervical cancer screening-eligible women.Journal of medical screening · 2024Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIncreasing cervical screening coverage by reaching inadequately screened groups is essential for improving the effectiveness of cervical screening programs. Offering HPV self-sampling to women who are never or under-screened can improve screening participation, however participation varies widely between settings. Information on women's experience with self-sampling and preferences for future self-sampling screening is essential for programs to optimize participation.
methodsThe survey was conducted as part of a larger trial ("iPap") investigating the effect of HPV self-sampling on participation of never and under-screened women in Victoria, Australia. Questionnaires were mailed to a) most women who participated in the self-sampling to document their experience with and preference for self-sampling in future, and b) a sample of the women who did not participate asking reasons for non-participation and suggestions for enabling participation. Reasons for not having a previous Pap test were also explored.
resultsAbout half the women who collected a self sample for the iPap trial returned the subsequent questionnaire (746/1521). Common reasons for not having cervical screening were that having Pap test performed by a doctor was embarrassing (18 %), not having the time (14 %), or that a Pap test was painful and uncomfortable (11 %). Most (94 %) found the home-based self-sampling less embarrassing, less uncomfortable (90 %) and more convenient (98%) compared with their last Pap test experience (if they had one); however, many were unsure about the test accuracy (57 %). Women who self-sampled thought the instructions were clear (98 %), it was easy to use the swab (95 %), and were generally confident that they did the test correctly (81 %). Most preferred to take the self-sample at home in the future (88 %) because it was simple and did not require a doctor's appointment. Few women (126/1946, 7 %) who did not return a self-sample in the iPap trial returned the questionnaire. Their main reason for not screening was having had a hysterectomy.
conclusionsHome-based self-sampling can overcome emotional and practical barriers to Pap test and increase participation in cervical screening despite some women's concerns about test accuracy. Mailing to eligible women and assuring women about test accuracy could further optimize participation in screening.
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