ArticlePloS one2015
Early Life Experiences and Exercise Associate with Canine Anxieties.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed.
- Stress, needs, and behaviour: understanding chronic stress in pet domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) from the prism of needs.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- Developmental programming in dogs.Biology of reproduction · 2026Review
- High Rank, Low Tolerance: Hierarchy-Dependent Reactions of Cohabiting Companion Dogs to Being Separated from Their Owner.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- When Affection Becomes Risk: Human-Dog Interactions Associated with Bite and Scratch Injuries in a Survey of Dog Owners' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Thailand.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Professional perspectives on recurrent characteristics of dogs with separation-related problems: a qualitative study in three nordic countries.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Evaluation of 1cp-LSD for Enhancing Welfare in Shelter Dogs: A Randomized Blind Trial with Ethological Intervention.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Investigating targeted and untargeted approaches to biomarker discovery in fearful, adult dogs.Journal of animal science · 2026Article
- Exploring behavioral outcomes of gonadectomy in pets: a need for personalized approaches.Animal reproduction · 2026Review
- Dog Guardian Interpretation of Familiar Dog Aggression Questions in the C-BARQ: Do We Need to Redefine "Familiar"?Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Object-directed behaviors and human-directed sociability are linked in free-ranging dog puppies.iScience · 2025Article
- Factors Associated with Puppy Training Class Attendance.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Qualitative interview study exploring Maltese veterinarians' practice of behavioural medicine.The Veterinary record · 2025Article
- Owner-Perceived Undesirable Behaviours in Young Dogs and Changes with Age.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- The Creation of a Systematic Framework to Assess Dog Laws and Their Relationship to Societal Changes in the United Kingdom.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- AI-based analysis of climatic and air pollution determinants of dog bite incidence.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Altered microbiome and metabolome profiling in fearful companion dogs: An exploratory study.PloS one · 2025Article
- United States military working dogs from 2019 to 2021: analysis of causes of service discharge and decreased service life.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- A cross-sectional study to investigate associations between flooring substrates and prevalence of limb and paw abnormalities of dogs housed in commercial breeding facilities.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- The Welfare of Dogs and Cats in the European Union: A Gap Analysis of the Current Legal Framework.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Puppy Socialisation Experiences in Relation to Age and COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions in the UK and ROI.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Personality and anxiety disorders across species are affected by genetic and environmental factors. Shyness-boldness personality continuum exists across species, including the domestic dog, with a large within- and across-breed variation. Domestic dogs are also diagnosed for several anxiety-related behavioral conditions, such as generalized anxiety disorders, phobias, and separation anxiety. Genetic and environmental factors contributing to personality and anxiety are largely unknown. We collected questionnaire data from a Finnish family dog population (N = 3264) in order to study the associating environmental factors for canine fearfulness, noise sensitivity, and separation anxiety. Early life experiences and exercise were found to associate with anxiety prevalence. We found that fearful dogs had less socialization experiences (p = 0.002) and lower quality of maternal care (p < 0.0001) during puppyhood. Surprisingly, the largest environmental factor associating with noise sensitivity (p < 0.0001) and separation anxiety (p = 0.007) was the amount of daily exercise; dogs with noise sensitivity and separation anxiety had less daily exercise. Our findings suggest that dogs share many of the same environmental factors that contribute to anxiety in other species as well, such as humans and rodents. Our study highlights the importance of early life experiences, especially the quality of maternal care and daily exercise for the welfare and management of the dogs, and reveals important confounding factors to be considered in the genetic characterization of canine anxiety.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.