ArticleJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS2015
Predictors of Retest Effects in a Longitudinal Study of Cognitive Aging in a Diverse Community-Based Sample.
Article in Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- Differences in Cognitive Aging Assessments Associated With Retest Effects.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Dietary Choline and Betaine Intake and 2-year Changes in Cognitive Function in Older Adults With Overweight or Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Cohort Analysis.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Motor-cognitive interactions in older adults: reliability and comparison of Trail Walking and Stepping Trail Making Tests.European geriatric medicine · 2025Article
- Practice effects persist over two decades of cognitive testing: Implications for longitudinal research.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between 10-year Changes in Cognitive Ability and Subsequent Mortality: Findings from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) Trial.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- How to assess cognitive decline when test administration changes across study waves? Harmonizing cognitive scores across waves in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2024Article
- Pragmatic approaches to handling practice effects in longitudinal cognitive aging research.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2023Article
- Misinterpreting cognitive change over multiple timepoints: When practice effects meet age-related decline.Neuropsychology · 2023Article
- Resilience resources may buffer some middle-aged and older Black Americans from memory decline despite experiencing discrimination.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Live longer, retire later? Developments of healthy life expectancies and working life expectancies between age 50-59 and age 60-69 in Europe.European journal of ageing · 2022Article
- Practice effects in cognitive assessments three years later in non-carriers but not in symptom-free mutation carriers of autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease: Exemplifying procedural learning and memory?Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- Cognitive practice effects delay diagnosis of MCI: Implications for clinical trials.Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.) · 2022Article
- Episodic Memory and Executive Function Are Differentially Affected by Retests but Similarly Affected by Age in a Longitudinal Study of Normally-Aging Older Adults.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- Practice Effects in Mild Cognitive Impairment Increase Reversion Rates and Delay Detection of New Impairments.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- Cognitive Practice Effects Delay Diagnosis; Implications for Clinical Trials.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2020Article
- Trends in the Risk of Cognitive Impairment in the United States, 1996-2014.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2020Article
- Spousal Education and Cognitive Functioning in Later Life.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2020Article
- Normative Cognitive Decline in Old Age.Annals of neurology · 2020Article
- Authors' Reply.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2019Article
- Blood Pressure and Cognitive Decline Over 8 Years in Middle-Aged and Older Black and White Americans.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Better performance due to repeated testing can bias long-term trajectories of cognitive aging and correlates of change. We examined whether retest effects differ as a function of individual differences pertinent to cognitive aging: race/ethnicity, age, sex, language, years of education, literacy, and dementia risk factors including apolipoprotein E ε4 status, baseline cognitive performance, and cardiovascular risk. We used data from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project, a community-based cohort of older adults (n=4073). We modeled cognitive change and retest effects in summary factors for general cognitive performance, memory, executive functioning, and language using multilevel models. Retest effects were parameterized in two ways, as improvement between the first and subsequent testings, and as the square root of the number of prior testings. We evaluated whether the retest effect differed by individual characteristics. The mean retest effect for general cognitive performance was 0.60 standard deviations (95% confidence interval [0.46, 0.74]), and was similar for memory, executive functioning, and language. Retest effects were greater for participants in the lowest quartile of cognitive performance (many of whom met criteria for dementia based on a study algorithm), consistent with regression to the mean. Retest did not differ by other characteristics. Retest effects are large in this community-based sample, but do not vary by demographic or dementia-related characteristics. Differential retest effects may not limit the generalizability of inferences across different groups in longitudinal research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.