Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26526459›Full record

ArticleJournal of neuroscience methods2016

Two-photon imaging of chronically implanted neural electrodes: Sealing methods and new insights.

Takashi D Y Kozai, James R Eles, Alberto L Vazquez, X Tracy Cui

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neuroscience methods, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
63citing papers in PubMed
3.9field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

63 citing papers in PubMed, 101 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Chronic alteration of CaBiomaterials · 2026
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  6. Chronic alteration of CabioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
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3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Takashi D Y KozaiBioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA; NeuroTech Center of the University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, USA. Electronic address: tdk18@pitt.edu.
James R ElesBioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
Alberto L VazquezBioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
X Tracy CuiBioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA. Electronic address: xic11@pitt.edu.
University of Pittsburgh · USAllen Institute for Brain Science · US

Funding

Improving chronic neural recording performance through biomaterial strategiesR01NS062019 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI CUI, XINYAN TRACY · 2008 to 2018
$4.4M
Inhibition of Neural Electrode-mediated Inflammation and Neuronal Cell DeathR01NS089688 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI CUI, XINYAN TRACY · 2015 to 2019
$3.1M
Mechanisms behind Electrode Induced BBB damage's impact on neural recordingR01NS094396 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI KOZAI, TAKASHI DANIEL YOSHIDA · 2015 to 2019
$2.2M
Functional relationship between neural, metabolic and hemodynamic responsesK01NS066131 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI VAZQUEZ, ALBERTO L · 2010 to 2014
$617k
NINDS NIH HHS 1K01NS066131NINDS NIH HHS 1R01NS089688NINDS NIH HHS 1R01NS094396NINDS NIH HHS 5R01NS062019NINDS NIH HHS K01 NS066131NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS062019NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS089688NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS094396
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTwo-photon microscopy has enabled the visualization of dynamic tissue changes to injury and disease in vivo. While this technique has provided powerful new information, in vivo two-photon chronic imaging around tethered cortical implants, such as microelectrodes or neural probes, present unique challenges. NEW

methodA number of strategies are described to prepare a cranial window to longitudinally observe the impact of neural probes on brain tissue and vasculature for up to 3 months.

resultsIt was found that silastic sealants limit cell infiltration into the craniotomy, thereby limiting light scattering and preserving window clarity over time. In contrast, low concentration hydrogel sealants failed to prevent cell infiltration and their use at high concentration displaced brain tissue and disrupted probe performance. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S): The use of silastic sealants allows for a suitable imaging window for long term chronic experiments and revealed new insights regarding the dynamic leukocyte response around implants and the nature of chronic BBB leakage in the sub-dural space.

conclusionThe presented method provides a valuable tool for evaluating the chronic inflammatory response and the performance of emerging implantable neural technologies.

Indexed as

Electrodes, ImplantedAnimalsBrainCraniotomyMiceMicroelectrodesMicroscopy, Fluorescence, MultiphotonEncapsulationForeign BodyGiant CellIntracortical microelectrodeIntravital imagingMultiphotonReactive tissue response

Identifiers

PMID26526459
PMCPMC4771525
OpenAlexW2174424141

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.