ArticlePsychology and aging2015
Effects of education and race on cognitive decline: An integrative study of generalizability versus study-specific results.
Article in Psychology and aging, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations Between Vascular Risk Factor Levels and Cognitive Decline Among Stroke Survivors.JAMA network open · 2023Pooled it
- The Factor Structure of Cognitive Functioning in Cognitively Healthy Participants: a Meta-Analysis and Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data.Neuropsychology review · 2020Pooled it
- Age-related cognitive decline and associations with sex, education and apolipoprotein E genotype across ethnocultural groups and geographic regions: a collaborative cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2017Pooled it
- Exposure to air pollution as a potential contributor to cognitive function, cognitive decline, brain imaging, and dementia: A systematic review of epidemiologic research.Neurotoxicology · 2016Pooled it
- E pluribus unum: Harmonization of physical functioning across intervention studies of middle-aged and older adults.PloS one · 2017Trial
- Safety and short-term outcomes of lecanemab for Alzheimer's disease in China: a multicentre study.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Domain-specific changes in everyday cognition: Associations with diagnosis change and gray matter volume change.Neuropsychology · 2026Article
- Intersectional approaches to cognitive aging: a practical guide to modeling heterogeneous trajectories with GLMM-trees.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Advancing research on strategies to reduce drug use and overdose-related harms: a community informed approach to establishing common data elements.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Novel differentially expressed genes and multiple biological pathways for Alzheimer's disease identified in brain tissue from African American donors.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Cognitive data harmonization across two racially diverse cohorts in the United States.Alzheimer's & dementia. Behavior & socioeconomics of aging · 2025Article
- Association of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome With Cognitive Decline and Dementia: The ARIC Study Insights.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Dynamic Regression of Longitudinal Trajectory Features.Journal of the American Statistical Association · 2025Article
- Ethnic disparities in patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD).Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Cognitive decline and diabetes in the clinical setting.Medicine and pharmacy reports · 2025Article
- Inequalities in accelerated cognitive decline: Resolving observational window bias using nested non-linear regression.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Social determinants of health but not global genetic ancestry predict dementia prevalence in Latin America.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Unhealthy white matter connectivity, cognition, and racialization in older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Development and validation of the Michigan Chronic Disease Simulation Model (MICROSIM).PloS one · 2024Article
- Epigenetic age and socioeconomic status contribute to racial disparities in cognitive and functional aging between Black and White older Americans.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The objective of the study was to examine variability across multiple prospective cohort studies in level and rate of cognitive decline by race/ethnicity and years of education. We compare data across studies, we harmonized estimates of common latent factors representing overall or general cognitive performance, memory, and executive function derived from the: (a) Washington Heights, Hamilton Heights, Inwood Columbia Aging Project (N = 4,115), (b) Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (N = 525), (c) Duke Memory, Health, and Aging study (N = 578), and (d) Neurocognitive Outcomes of Depression in the Elderly (N = 585). We modeled cognitive change over age for cognitive outcomes by race, education, and study. We adjusted models for sex, dementia status, and study-specific characteristics. The results found that for baseline levels of overall cognitive performance, memory, and executive function, differences in race and education tended to be larger than between-study differences and consistent across studies. This pattern did not hold for rate of cognitive decline: effects of education and race/ethnicity on cognitive change were not consistently observed across studies, and when present were small, with racial/ethnic minorities and those with lower education declining at faster rates. In this diverse set of datasets, non-Hispanic Whites and those with higher education had substantially higher baseline cognitive test scores. However, differences in the rate of cognitive decline by race/ethnicity and education did not follow this pattern. This study suggests that baseline test scores and longitudinal change have different determinants, and future studies to examine similarities and differences of causes of cognitive decline in racially/ethnically and educationally diverse older groups is needed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.