ArticleBMC public health2015
Tobacco use and household expenditures on food, education, and healthcare in low- and middle-income countries: a multilevel analysis.
Article in BMC public health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- The impoverishing effect of tobacco expenditures.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Commentary on Morris et al.: Shifting consumption from unhealthy to healthy commodities.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- The economics of quitting: estimating the uplift potential of Indian households through tobacco cessation.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Household Tobacco Expenditure and Child Health Outcomes: Causal Evidence from a Transitional Economy.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The dual impact of tobacco spending: crowding out essentials and crowding in addictive behaviors.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Crowding out and impoverishing effect of tobacco in Mexico.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Impact of tobacco spending on intrahousehold resource allocation in Montenegro.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Spatial spillovers of violent conflict amplify the impacts of climate variability on malaria risk in sub-Saharan Africa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Factors associated with tobacco use among Saudi Arabian youth: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Health promoting and demoting consumption: What accounts for budget share differentials by ethnicity in New Zealand.SSM - population health · 2022Article
- Crowding Out Effects of Alcohol Consumption Expenditure on Household Resource Allocation in Malawi.PloS one · 2022Article
- Socioeconomic inequality in tobacco expenditure in Iran: a cross-sectional analysis at national and subnational levels.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Expenditure on health care, tobacco, and alcohol: Evidence from household surveys in rural Puducherry.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2019Article
- Tobacco smoking patterns in Samoa in 2010: Implications for interventions.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2019Article
- Relationship between smoking and health and education spending in Chile.Tobacco control · 2018Article
- The crowding-out effect of tobacco expenditure on household spending patterns in Bangladesh.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe majority of one billion smokers worldwide live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and the highest proportion of smokers in most of these countries belong to the lower socioeconomic groups. This study aimed to investigate the associations between tobacco use within households and expenditures on food, education, and healthcare in LMICs.
methodsUsing data from the World Health Survey, this cross-sectional study included a sample of 53,625 adult males aged <60 years from 40 LMICs. Multilevel, mixed-effects linear regression was used to determine the association between current tobacco use status of the main income provider (daily; occasional; no use) and three categories of (logged) household expenditures: food, education, and healthcare; controlling for age, level of education, household wealth quintile, marital status, urban-rural setting, country-level income group, and region.
resultsIn the preferred random-slope models that controlled for covariates, daily tobacco use was associated with lower household expenditures on education and healthcare by 8.0% (95% confidence interval: -12.8 to -3.2%) and 5.5% (-10.7 to -0.3%), respectively. The association between tobacco use and food expenditure was inconsistent across models.
conclusionsTobacco use in LMICs may have a negative influence on investment in human capital development. Addressing the tobacco use problem in LMICs could benefit not only the health and economic well-being of smokers and their immediate families but also long-run economic development at a societal level.
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