ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2016
Vertical Cytomegalovirus Transmission From HIV-Infected Women Randomized to Formula-Feed or Breastfeed Their Infants.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and Safety of Antivirals in Lactating Women with Herpesviridae Infections: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2025Pooled it
- Incidence of Postnatal CMV Infection among Breastfed Preterm Infants: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of Korean medical science · 2021Pooled it
- Maternal Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces Vertical Cytomegalovirus Transmission But Does Not Reduce Breast Milk Cytomegalovirus Levels.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2017Trial
- Investigating the Role of Cytomegalovirus as a Cause of Stillbirths and Child Deaths in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Through Postmortem Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Postnatally Acquired Neonatal CMV Infection in Preterm Infants: From a Case Series to a Narrative Review of the Literature.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection?Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Review
- Cytomegalovirus Viremia Predicts Postdischarge Mortality in Kenyan HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Complexity of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in South African HIV-Exposed Infants with Pneumonia.Viruses · 2022Article
- VirStrain: a strain identification tool for RNA viruses.Genome biology · 2022Article
- Congenital Co-infections Among HIV-Exposed Infants Born to Mothers on Antiretroviral Treatment in the United States.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Association Between Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Viremia And Human Immunodeficiency Virus DNA Levels in the Reservoir of Kenyan Infants Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Breast Milk Virome and Bacterial Microbiome Resilience in Kenyan Women Living with HIV.mSystems · 2021Article
- Article
- Unexpectedly High Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus DNAemia in Older Children and Adolescents With Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
- CMV infection in a cohort of HIV-exposed infants born to mothers receiving antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and breastfeeding.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2017Observational
- Cytomegalovirus and paediatric HIV infection.Journal of virus eradication · 2016Article
- Cytomegalovirus Infection May Contribute to the Reduced Immune Function, Growth, Development, and Health of HIV-Exposed, Uninfected African Children.Frontiers in immunology · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) is associated with morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed infants. We assessed the effect of and relative contribution of breastfeeding to CMV acquisition among infants delivered by HIV-infected mothers.
methodsBetween 1993 and 1998 pregnant, HIV-infected women in Nairobi, Kenya, were randomly assigned to breastfeed or formula-feed their infants in an HIV transmission study. Women were allocated equally between treatment arms, and the study was not blinded. The primary endpoint of this nested study was time to infant CMV infection.
resultsCMV infection was assessed in 138 breastfed and 134 formula-fed infants. Baseline characteristics were similar between arms. Breastfed infants acquired CMV earlier than formula-fed infants (median age of acquisition, 4.26 vs 9.87 months; P < .001) and had a higher 1-year probability of CMV infection (0.89 vs 0.69; P < .001). Breastfeeding was associated with a 1.6-fold increased risk of infant CMV acquisition independent of infant HIV status (multivariable hazard ratio, 1.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-2.16; P = .002). Approximately one third of CMV infections occurred during the peripartum period, with 40% acquired through breastfeeding and the remainder acquired through modes other than breast milk.
conclusionsPreventing CMV acquisition may be a priority for HIV-exposed infants, but there is a narrow window of opportunity for intervention. Approaches that reduce maternal cervical and breast milk CMV reactivation may help delay infant infection.
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Registered trials
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