ReviewCancers2015
The Interactions of Obesity, Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Breast Cancer.
Review in Cancers, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global determinants of breast cancer mortality: a comprehensive meta-analysis of clinical, demographic, and lifestyle risk factors.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) Position Statement on Medical Nutrition Therapy for the Management of Individuals with Overweight or Obesity and Cancer.Obesity facts · 2025Guideline
- Fish oil supplementation and insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lipids in health and disease · 2017Pooled it
- Does dienogest influence the inflammatory response of endometriotic cells? A systematic review.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2016Pooled it
- Trial
- Change in Blood and Benign Breast Biomarkers in Women Undergoing a Weight-Loss Intervention Randomized to High-Dose ω-3 Fatty Acids versus Placebo.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Technology- and Phone-Based Weight Loss Intervention: Pilot RCT in Women at Elevated Breast Cancer Risk.American journal of preventive medicine · 2016Trial
- Plant-based dietary patterns and risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Review
- Postbiotics as Emerging Strategy Targeting Obesity- and Aging-Related Breast Cancer-Prospects in Prophylaxis and Therapy.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Complex Path from Mammary Ductal Hyperplasia to Breast Cancer: Elevated Malignancy Risk in Atypical Forms.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- The correlation between obesity and the occurrence and development of breast cancer.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Causal relationships between four types of lipids and breast cancer risk with potential mediators: evidence from Mendelian randomization study and bioinformatics analysis.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Association between triglyceride-glucose related indicators, genetic risk, and incident breast cancer among postmenopausal women in UK Biobank.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- The global burden of breast cancer among women of reproductive age: a comprehensive analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes as a dual biomarker: Diagnostic and treatment response in woman breast cancer patients.Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers · 2025Article
- Novel perspectives on the link between obesity and cancer risk: from mechanisms to clinical implications.Frontiers of medicine · 2024Review
- The intricate relationship between obesity, type 2 diabetes and female breast cancer: A retrospective study of 335 women.Obesity science & practice · 2024Article
- Identification of genes and pathways associated with menopausal status in breast cancer patients using two algorithms.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Obesity, dysbiosis and inflammation: interactions that modulate the efficacy of immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Obese postmenopausal women have an increased breast cancer risk, the principal mechanism for which is elevated estrogen production by adipose tissue; also, regardless of menstrual status and tumor estrogen dependence, obesity is associated with biologically aggressive breast cancers. Type 2 diabetes has a complex relationship with breast cancer risk and outcome; coexisting obesity may be a major factor, but insulin itself induces adipose aromatase activity and estrogen production and also directly stimulates breast cancer cell growth and invasion. Adipose tissue inflammation occurs frequently in obesity and type 2 diabetes, and proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E2 produced by cyclooxygenase-2 in the associated infiltrating macrophages also induce elevated aromatase expression. In animal models, the same proinflammatory mediators, and the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, also stimulate tumor cell proliferation and invasion directly and promote tumor-related angiogenesis. We postulate that chronic adipose tissue inflammation, rather than body mass index-defined obesity per se, is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and postmenopausal estrogen-dependent breast cancer. Also, notably before the menopause, obesity and type 2 diabetes, or perhaps the associated inflammation, promote estrogen-independent, notably triple-negative, breast cancer development, invasion and metastasis by mechanisms that may involve macrophage-secreted cytokines, adipokines and insulin.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.