ArticlePloS one2015
Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Rectal-Only Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea in Women and in Men Who Have Sex with Men.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among men who have sex with men in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Gonorrhoea: a systematic review of prevalence reporting globally.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Prevalence of Rectal Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: A Systematic Review.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2018Pooled it
- Should we still treat asymptomaticSexually transmitted infections · 2026Article
- Near-to-patient-testing to inform targeted antibiotic use for sexually transmitted infections in a public sexual health clinic: the NEPTUNE cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2024Article
- Patterns of within-host spread ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Patterns of within-host spread ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Metagenomic Shotgun Sequencing of Endocervical, Vaginal, and Rectal Samples among Fijian Women with and without Chlamydia trachomatis Reveals Disparate Microbial Populations and Function across Anatomic Sites: a Pilot Study.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Controversies and evidence on Chlamydia testing and treatment in asymptomatic women and men who have sex with men: a narrative review.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Review
- Whole-Genome Enrichment and Sequencing of Chlamydia trachomatis Directly from Patient Clinical Vaginal and Rectal Swabs.mSphere · 2021Article
- STI in times of PrEP: high prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and mycoplasma at different anatomic sites in men who have sex with men in Germany.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Extragenital chlamydia infection among active-duty women in the United States Navy.Military Medical Research · 2019Article
- A longitudinal study to investigate previous Chlamydia trachomatis infection as a risk factor for subsequent anorectal infection in men who have sex with men (MSM) and women visiting STI clinics in the Netherlands.Epidemiology and infection · 2019Article
- Rectal gonorrhoea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya.Wellcome open research · 2019Article
- Chlamydiae in human intestinal biopsy samples.Pathogens and disease · 2018Article
- Article
- Extragenital Infections Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Review of the Literature.Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBoth anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoea (NG) can occur as a rectal-only infection or concurrently with simultaneous urogenital infection with the same pathogen. Characterising the target groups in which rectal-only infections occur may improve the efficacy of screening practices.
methodsWe analysed data from two Dutch outpatient sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics between 2011 and 2012. We included all men who have sex with men (MSM) (n = 9549) and women (n = 11113), ≥18 years, who had been tested for anorectal and urogenital CT and/or NG (either as a result of reporting anal sex/symptoms or via routine universal testing). Factors associated with rectal-only CT and NG infections were assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression.
resultsIn MSM, anorectal CT prevalence was 9.8% (693/7094), anorectal NG prevalence was 4.2% (397/9534). In women this was 9.5% overall (439/4597) and 0.9% (96/10972) respectively. Anorectal CT prevalence among women who were routinely universally tested was 10.4% (20/192), for selective testing this was 9.5% (419/4405) (p = 0.68). Anorectal NG infections were not detected among women who were routinely universally tested (p = 0.19). Among CT or NG positive MSM, rectal-only CT infections were found in 85.9% (595/693), for NG this was 85.6% (340/397) respectively. In positive women these figures were 22.1% (97/439)for CT and 20.8% (20/96) for NG, respectively. In MSM, independent factors associated with rectal-only CT were: being a sex worker (OR0.4,CI0.2-1.0), exclusively having sex with men (OR3.4,CI1.7-6.8), and absence of urogenital symptoms (OR0.2,CI0.2-0.4). In women, these factors were: older age (OR2.3, CI1.3-4.0) and non-Western nationality (OR1.8, CI1.0-3.5). Factors associated with rectal-only NG in MSM were: having been warned for STIs by an (ex) partner (OR2.9,CI1.1-7.5), oropharyngeal NG infection (OR2.4,CI1.0-5.3), and absence of urogenital symptoms (OR0.02,CI0.01-0.04), while in women no significant factors were identified.
conclusionsThe prevalence of anorectal CT and NG was substantial in MSM and prevalence of anorectal CT was also substantial in women. Anorectal infections occurred mostly as rectal-only infections in MSM and mostly concurrent with other infections in women. Given the lack of useful indicators for rectal-only infections, selective screening based on a priori patient characteristics will have low discriminatory power both in relation to MSM and women.
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