ArticleBMC medical research methodology2015
Development and validation of a self-administered questionnaire to estimate the distance and mode of children's travel to school in urban India.
Article in BMC medical research methodology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- An Updated Systematic Review of Childhood Physical Activity Questionnaires.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2018Pooled it
- Determinants of road traffic injuries in Iranian children; results from a National Representative Demographic- Health Survey 2010.BMC pediatrics · 2020Trial
- An evaluation of primary schools and its accessibility using GIS techniques: a case study of Prayagraj district, India.GeoJournal · 2023Article
- Association of adolescents' independent mobility with road traffic injuries in Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2022Article
- How do children travel to school in urban India? A cross-sectional study of 5,842 children in Hyderabad.BMC public health · 2016Article
- Road traffic injuries to children during the school commute in Hyderabad, India: cross-sectional survey.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough some 300 million Indian children travel to school every day, little is known about how they get there. This information is important for transport planners and public health authorities. This paper presents the development of a self-administered questionnaire and examines its reliability and validity in estimating distance and mode of travel to school in a low resource urban setting.
methodsWe developed a questionnaire on children's travel to school. We assessed test re-test reliability by repeating the questionnaire one week later (n = 61). The questionnaire was improved and re-tested (n = 68). We examined the convergent validity of distance estimates by comparing estimates based on the nearest landmark to children's homes with a 'gold standard' based on one-to-one interviews with children using detailed maps (n = 50).
resultsMost questions showed fair to almost perfect agreement. Questions on usual mode of travel (κ 0.73- 0.84) and road injury (κ 0.61- 0.72) were found to be more reliable than those on parental permissions (κ 0.18- 0.30), perception of safety (κ 0.00- 0.54), and physical activity (κ -0.01- 0.07). The distance estimated by the nearest landmark method was not significantly different than the in-depth method for walking , 52 m [95 % CI -32 m to 135 m], 10 % of the mean difference, and for walking and cycling combined, 65 m [95 % CI -30 m to 159 m], 11 % of the mean difference. For children who used motorized transport (excluding private school bus), the nearest landmark method under-estimated distance by an average of 325 metres [95 % CI -664 m to 1314 m], 15 % of the mean difference.
conclusionsA self-administered questionnaire was found to provide reliable information on the usual mode of travel to school, and road injury, in a small sample of children in Hyderabad, India. The 'nearest landmark' method can be applied in similar low-resource settings, for a reasonably accurate estimate of the distance from a child's home to school.
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