ArticleJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry2015
Atypical Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Transitive Inference.
Article in Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Structural Learning in Autistic and Non-Autistic Children: A Replication and Extension.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- AMPK Activation by ENERGI Ameliorates Behavioral and Synaptic Deficits in a Mouse Model of Autism.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Hippocampal Subregion Function and Its Clinical Correlations in Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Linking Subclinical Autistic Traits and Perceptual Category Learning.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Article
- Transitive inference in a clinical childhood sample with a focus on autism spectrum disorder.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2024Article
- Insights into the structure and function of the hippocampus: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of autism spectrum disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
- Functional connectivity of the sensorimotor cerebellum in autism: associations with sensory over-responsivity.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Disruption of the autism gene and chromatin regulator KDM5A alters hippocampal cell identity.Science advances · 2023Article
- Article
- Atypical cognitive training-induced learning and brain plasticity and their relation to insistence on sameness in children with autism.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Hippocampal contributions to social and cognitive deficits in autism spectrum disorder.Trends in neurosciences · 2021Review
- Intrinsic hippocampal functional connectivity underlying rigid memory in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A case-control study.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2021Article
- Using the NIH Toolbox to Assess Cognition in Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2021Article
- Brain Mechanisms Supporting Flexible Cognition and Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder.Biological psychiatry · 2021Review
- Compensatory Hippocampal Recruitment Supports Preserved Episodic Memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2020Article
- Learning with individual-interest outcomes in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2019Article
- A potential mechanistic role for neuroinflammation in reward processing impairments in autism spectrum disorder.Biological psychology · 2019Review
- Exploring the neurocognitive basis of episodic recollection in autism.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2019Review
- Mutations in neuroligin-3 in male mice impact behavioral flexibility but not relational memory in a touchscreen test of visual transitive inference.Molecular autism · 2019Article
- Related to Anxiety: Arbitrarily Applicable Relational Responding and Experimental Psychopathology Research on Fear and Avoidance.Perspectives on behavior science · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the neural mechanisms underlying impairments in generalizing learning shown by adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
methodA total of 21 high-functioning individuals with ASD aged 12 to 18 years, and 23 gender-, IQ-, and age-matched adolescents with typical development (TYP), completed a transitive inference (TI) task implemented using rapid event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were trained on overlapping pairs in a stimulus hierarchy of colored ovals where A>B>C>D>E>F and then tested on generalizing this training to new stimulus pairings (AF, BD, BE) in a "Big Game." Whole-brain univariate, region of interest, and functional connectivity analyses were used.
resultsDuring training, the TYP group exhibited increased recruitment of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), whereas the group with ASD showed greater functional connectivity between the PFC and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Both groups recruited the hippocampus and caudate comparably; however, functional connectivity between these regions was positively associated with TI performance for only the group with ASD. During the Big Game, the TYP group showed greater recruitment of the PFC, parietal cortex, and the ACC. Recruitment of these regions increased with age in the group with ASD.
conclusionDuring TI, TYP individuals recruited cognitive control-related brain regions implicated in mature problem solving/reasoning including the PFC, parietal cortex, and ACC, whereas the group with ASD showed functional connectivity of the hippocampus and the caudate that was associated with task performance. Failure to reliably engage cognitive control-related brain regions may produce less integrated flexible learning in individuals with ASD unless they are provided with task support that, in essence, provides them with cognitive control; however, this pattern may normalize with age.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.