Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26503923›Full record

ReviewNature reviews. Neurology2015

Pathogenesis of Parkinson disease--the gut-brain axis and environmental factors.

Lisa Klingelhoefer, Heinz Reichmann

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Nature reviews. Neurology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 303 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
303citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
29.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

303 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 588 citations in OpenAlex.

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  15. Gut-brain axis in health and brain disease.Chinese medical journal · 2026
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243 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Lisa KlingelhoeferDepartment of Neurology, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
Heinz ReichmannDepartment of Neurology, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
TU Dresden · DE

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Parkinson disease (PD) follows a defined clinical pattern, and a range of nonmotor symptoms precede the motor phase. The predominant early nonmotor manifestations are olfactory impairment and constipation. The pathology that accompanies these symptoms is consistent with the Braak staging system: α-synuclein in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, the olfactory bulb, the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the submandibular gland, each of which is a gateway to the environment. The neuropathological process that leads to PD seems to start in the ENS or the olfactory bulb and spreads via rostrocranial transmission to the substantia nigra and further into the CNS, raising the intriguing possibility that environmental substances can trigger pathogenesis. Evidence from epidemiological studies and animal models supports this hypothesis. For example, in mice, intragastric administration of the pesticide rotenone can almost completely reproduce the typical pathological and clinical features of PD. In this Review, we present clinical and pathological evidence to support the hypothesis that PD starts in the gut and spreads via trans-synaptic cell-to-cell transfer of pathology through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to the substantia nigra and the CNS. We also consider how environmental factors might trigger pathogenesis, and the potential for therapeutically targeting the mechanisms of these initial stages.

Indexed as

AnimalsBrainEnteric Nervous SystemGastrointestinal TractHumansParkinson Disease

Identifiers

PMID26503923
OpenAlexW2207696950

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.