ArticleRetrovirology2015
Latent HIV-1 is activated by exosomes from cells infected with either replication-competent or defective HIV-1.
Article in Retrovirology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers.
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Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hijacking Host Communication: The Central Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Infectious Disease Pathogenesis.Cells · 2026Review
- Intercellular highways of viral spread: tunneling nanotubes and extracellular vesicles at the maternal-fetal interface.Current opinion in virology · 2025Review
- Unveiling the intricacies of exosome biology: from biogenesis to therapeutic applications.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2025Review
- A game of hide-and-seek: how extracellular vesicles evade the immune system.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Review
- Overview of extracellular vesicles in pathogens with special focus on human extracellular protozoan parasites.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2024Review
- Exosomes derived from syncytia induced by SARS-2-S promote the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Lipid metabolism of plasma-derived small extracellular vesicles in COVID-19 convalescent patients.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Review
- Exosomes, microvesicles, and other extracellular vesicles-a Keystone Symposia report.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2023Article
- Exosomes multifunctional roles in HIV-1: insight into the immune regulation, vaccine development and current progress in delivery system.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Recent advances in poor HIV immune reconstitution: what will the future look like?Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Article
- Review
- Regenerative therapy by using mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes in COVID-19 treatment. The potential role and underlying mechanisms.Regenerative therapy · 2022Review
- Article
- Extracellular Vesicles and Their Use as Vehicles of Immunogens.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- The emerging role of exosomes in innate immunity, diagnosis and therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes: A Novel Strategy for Anticancer and Antiviral Therapy.BioMed research international · 2022Review
- The reservoir of latent HIV.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCompletion of HIV life cycle in CD4(+) T lymphocytes needs cell activation. We recently reported that treatment of resting CD4(+) T lymphocytes with exosomes produced by HIV-1 infected cells induces cell activation and susceptibility to HIV replication. Here, we present data regarding the effects of these exosomes on cells latently infected with HIV-1.
resultsHIV-1 latently infecting U937-derived U1 cells was activated upon challenge with exosomes purified from the supernatant of U937 cells chronically infected with HIV-1. This effect was no more detectable when exosomes from cells infected with HIV-1 strains either nef-deleted or expressing a functionally defective Nef were used, indicating that Nef is the viral determinant of exosome-induced HIV-1 activation. Treatment with either TAPI-2, i.e., a specific inhibitor of the pro-TNFα-processing ADAM17 enzyme, or anti-TNFα Abs abolished HIV-1 activation. Hence, similar to what previously demonstrated for the exosome-mediated activation of uninfected CD4(+) T lymphocytes, the Nef-ADAM17-TNFα axis is part of the mechanism of latent HIV-1 activation. It is noteworthy that these observations have been reproduced using: (1) primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes latently infected with HIV-1; (2) exosomes from both primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes and macrophages acutely infected with HIV-1; (3) co-cultures of HIV-1 acutely infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes and autologous lymphocytes latently infected with HIV-1, and (4) exosomes from cells expressing a defective HIV-1.
conclusionsOur results strongly suggest that latent HIV-1 can be activated by TNFα released by cells upon ingestion of exosomes released by infected cells, and that this effect depends on the activity of exosome-associated ADAM17. These pieces of evidence shed new light on the mechanism of HIV reactivation in latent reservoirs, and might also be relevant to design new therapeutic interventions focused on HIV eradication.
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