ReviewFrontiers in neuroscience2015
The scent of wolves: pyrazine analogs induce avoidance and vigilance behaviors in prey.
Review in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- The scent of emotions: A systematic review of human intra- and interspecific chemical communication of emotions.Brain and behavior · 2020Pooled it
- Development of an Olfactory Receptor (OR5K1)-Based Biosensor for Pyrazine Detection in Foods.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Generation of Odorant Receptor-QF2 Knock-In Drivers for Improved Analysis of Olfactory Circuits in Drosophila.Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms · 2025Article
- Common scents? A review of potentially shared chemical signals in the order Carnivora.Chemical senses · 2025Review
- Behavioral and neurobiological implications of kairomones for rodents: an updated review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
- Modeling the Orthosteric Binding Site of the G Protein-Coupled Odorant Receptor OR5K1.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2023Article
- Repeated exposure to kairomone-containing coffee odor improves abnormal olfactory behaviors in heterozygous oxytocin receptor knock-in mice.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Article
- Chemoenzymatic synthesis of 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine by L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase and 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate CoA ligase/L-threonine aldolase.Communications chemistry · 2021Article
- An evolutionary conserved olfactory receptor for foodborne and semiochemical alkylpyrazines.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2021Article
- Trifluoromethoxypyrazines: Preparation and Properties.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Electrophysiological Responses of Eighteen Species of Insects to Fire Ant Alarm Pheromone.Insects · 2019Article
- Spatial and temporal relationship between native mammals and free-roaming dogs in a protected area surrounded by a metropolis.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Symbiotic skin bacteria as a source for sex-specific scents in frogs.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
- Article
- Structure-Activity Relationships of Alkylpyrazine Analogs and Fear-Associated Behaviors in Mice.Journal of chemical ecology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The common gray wolf (Canis lupus) is an apex predator located at the top of the food chain in the Northern Hemisphere. It preys on rodents, rabbits, ungulates, and many other kinds of mammal. However, the behavioral evidence for, and the chemical basis of, the fear-inducing impact of wolf urine on prey are unclear. Recently, the pyrazine analogs 2, 6-dimethylpyrazine, 2, 3, 5-trimethylpyrazine and 3-ethyl-2, 5-dimethyl pyrazine were identified as kairomones in the urine of wolves. When mice were confronted with a mixture of purified pyrazine analogs, vigilance behaviors, including freezing and excitation of neurons at the accessory olfactory bulb, were markedly increased. Additionally, the odor of the pyrazine cocktail effectively suppressed the approach of deer to a feeding area, and for those close to the feeding area elicited fear-related behaviors such as the "tail-flag," "flight," and "jump" actions. In this review, we discuss the transfer of chemical information from wolf to prey through the novel kairomones identified in wolf urine and also compare the characteristics of wolf kairomones with other predator-produced kairomones that affect rodents.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.