ReviewBMC neurology2015
"Microglial nodules" and "newly forming lesions" may be a Janus face of early MS lesions; implications from virus-induced demyelination, the Inside-Out model.
Review in BMC neurology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- ApoE4 Homozygosity Is Associated With Increased Microglia Activation in Fatal COVID-19.Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology · 2025Article
- Multiple sclerosis: molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Role of innate immune cells in multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Profiling of microglia nodules in multiple sclerosis reveals propensity for lesion formation.Nature communications · 2024Article
- The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: a series of unfortunate events.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2023Article
- ENT-A010, a Novel Steroid Derivative, Displays Neuroprotective Functions and Modulates Microglial Responses.Biomolecules · 2022Article
- Microglial nodules provide the environment for pathogenic T cells in human encephalitis.Acta neuropathologica · 2019Article
- Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the common marmoset: a translationally relevant model for the cause and course of multiple sclerosis.Primate biology · 2019Review
- Manipulation of Gut Microbiota Influences Immune Responses, Axon Preservation, and Motor Disability in a Model of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Differential response of pineal microglia to surgical versus pharmacological stimuli.The Journal of comparative neurology · 2018Article
- Neural Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Approaches for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.Molecular neurobiology · 2018Review
- A B Cell-Driven Autoimmune Pathway Leading to Pathological Hallmarks of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis in the Marmoset Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- Primate autoimmune disease models; lost for translation?Clinical & translational immunology · 2016Article
- Three immune-mediated disease models induced by Theiler's virus: Multiple sclerosis, seizures and myocarditis.Clinical & experimental neuroimmunology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough the precise mechanism of initial lesion development in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear, two different neuropathological findings have been reported as a potential early pathology of MS: "microglial nodules" and "newly forming lesions", both of which contain neither T cell infiltration nor demyelination. In microglial nodules, damaged axons were associated with a small number of aggregated macrophages/microglia, while oligodendrocyte apoptosis was a characteristic in newly forming lesions. However, is the presence of "microglial nodules" and "oligodendrogliopathy" mutually exclusive? Might these two different observations be the same neuropathology (as proposed by the concept, "preactive lesions"), but interpreted differently based on the different theories of early MS lesion development, using different staining methods? DISCUSSION: Since two studies are looking at two distinct aspects of early MS pathogenesis (one focused on axons and the other on oligodendrocytes), in a sense, one can say that these two studies are complementary. On the other hand, experimentally, Wallerian degeneration (WD) has been demonstrated to induce both microglial nodules and oligodendrocyte apoptosis in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, when encephalitogenic T cells are present in the periphery in both autoimmune and viral models of MS, induction of WD in the CNS has been shown to result in the recruitment of T cells along the degenerated tract, leading to demyelination (Inside-Out model). These experimental findings are consistent with early MS pathology described by both "microglial nodules" and "newly forming lesions".
conclusionsThe differences between the two neuropathological findings may be based on the preference of staining methods, where one group observed axonal and microglial pathology and the other observed oligodendrocyte apoptosis; a Janus face that is looked at from the two different sides.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.