ArticleBMC public health2015
Nonstandard working schedules and health: the systematic search for a comprehensive model.
Article in BMC public health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Are Non-standard Work Schedules Related to Sleep Difficulty and Health-related Quality of Life in Korea? An Examination of Gender Differences.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2025Article
- Exploring Pathways Linking Work and Nonwork Factors to Sleep, Fatigue, and Health in Night Shift Nurses: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis.Journal of nursing management · 2025Article
- Behind the times? Associations of working-time autonomy with health-related and occupational outcomes in health care personnel- a latent profile analysis.BMC public health · 2024Article
- The impacts of working time flexibilization on occupational safety and health: an expert survey.Annals of occupational and environmental medicine · 2023Article
- Associations of extended work, higher workloads and emotional work demands with sleep disturbance among night-shift workers.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on the associations between shift work and sickness absence.Systematic reviews · 2022Article
- The acute effects of working time patterns on fatigue and sleep quality using daily measurements of 6195 observations among 223 shift workers.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2021Article
- Longer Work Shifts, Faster Forward Rotation-More Sleep and More Alert in Aircraft Inspection.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- The mediating role of unhealthy behavior in the relationship between shift work and perceived health.BMC public health · 2021Article
- The mediating role of sleep, physical activity, and diet in the association between shift work and respiratory infections.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2020Article
- Association between change in working time arrangements and sleep disturbance.Annals of occupational and environmental medicine · 2020Article
- Time Trends in Prevalence of Chronic Diseases and Multimorbidity Not Only due to Aging: Data from General Practices and Health Surveys.PloS one · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTheoretical models on shift work fall short of describing relevant health-related pathways associated with the broader concept of nonstandard working schedules. Shift work models neither combine relevant working time characteristics applicable to nonstandard schedules nor include the role of rest periods and recovery in the development of health complaints. Therefore, this paper aimed to develop a comprehensive model on nonstandard working schedules to address these shortcomings.
methodsA literature review was conducted using a systematic search and selection process. Two searches were performed: one associating the working time characteristics time-of-day and working time duration with health and one associating recovery after work with health. Data extracted from the models were used to develop a comprehensive model on nonstandard working schedules and health.
resultsFor models on the working time characteristics, the search strategy yielded 3044 references, of which 26 met the inclusion criteria that contained 22 distinctive models. For models on recovery after work, the search strategy yielded 896 references, of which seven met the inclusion criteria containing seven distinctive models. Of the models on the working time characteristics, three combined time-of-day with working time duration, 18 were on time-of-day (i.e. shift work), and one was on working time duration. The model developed in the paper has a comprehensive approach to working hours and other work-related risk factors and proposes that they should be balanced by positive non-work factors to maintain health. Physiological processes leading to health complaints are circadian disruption, sleep deprivation, and activation that should be counterbalanced by (re-)entrainment, restorative sleep, and recovery, respectively, to maintain health.
conclusionsA comprehensive model on nonstandard working schedules and health was developed. The model proposes that work and non-work as well as their associated physiological processes need to be balanced to maintain good health. The model gives researchers a useful overview over the various risk factors and pathways associated with health that should be considered when studying any form of nonstandard working schedule.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.