ArticleGenetic epidemiology2016
Assessing the Genetic Predisposition of Education on Myopia: A Mendelian Randomization Study.
Article in Genetic epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between screen time exposure and myopia in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Beyond Screen Time: A Measurement Framework for Behavioral Exposures in Childhood Myopia.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Unraveling the Heritability of Ocular Rigidity and Myopia-Related Traits: A Siblings-Based Study.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Mendelian Randomization Studies of Myopia: Choosing the Right Summary Statistics.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- The causal effect of multiple lifestyles and myopia: a Mendelian randomization study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Genome-wide association studies, Polygenic Risk Scores and Mendelian randomisation: an overview of common genetic epidemiology methods for ophthalmic clinicians.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2025Review
- Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure and the prevalence of myopia in adolescents: the mediating role of serum albumin.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Estimating the True Effect of Lifestyle Risk Factors for Myopia: A Longitudinal Study of UK Children.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Article
- Risk of inappropriate causal inference in Mendelian randomization studies on myopia.Eye (London, England) · 2024Article
- Mendelian Randomisation Analysis of Causal Association between Lifestyle, Health Factors, and Keratoconus.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Time Spent Outdoors Partly Accounts for the Effect of Education on Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Effects of school myopia management measures on myopia onset and progression among Chinese primary school students.BMC public health · 2023Observational
- Parallelism between hypovitaminosis D3 and recently detected myopia in children with amplified screen use in the COVID-19 era-A preliminary study.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Mendelian randomization analyses in ocular disease: a powerful approach to causal inference with human genetic data.Journal of translational medicine · 2022Review
- Education interacts with genetic variants near GJD2, RBFOX1, LAMA2, KCNQ5 and LRRC4C to confer susceptibility to myopia.PLoS genetics · 2022Article
- Assessing the contribution of genetic nurture to refractive error.European journal of human genetics : EJHG · 2022Article
- Myopia Genetics and Heredity.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Exposure to the Life of a School Child Rather Than Age Determines Myopic Shifts in Refraction in School Children.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
- Mendelian Randomization: Concepts and Scope.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2022Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 9 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Myopia is the largest cause of uncorrected visual impairments globally and its recent dramatic increase in the population has made it a major public health problem. In observational studies, educational attainment has been consistently reported to be correlated to myopia. Nonetheless, correlation does not imply causation. Observational studies do not tell us if education causes myopia or if instead there are confounding factors underlying the association. In this work, we use a two-step least squares instrumental-variable (IV) approach to estimate the causal effect of education on refractive error, specifically myopia. We used the results from the educational attainment GWAS from the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium to define a polygenic risk score (PGRS) in three cohorts of late middle age and elderly Caucasian individuals (N = 5,649). In a meta-analysis of the three cohorts, using the PGRS as an IV, we estimated that each z-score increase in education (approximately 2 years of education) results in a reduction of 0.92 ± 0.29 diopters (P = 1.04 × 10(-3) ). Our estimate of the effect of education on myopia was higher (P = 0.01) than the observed estimate (0.25 ± 0.03 diopters reduction per education z-score [∼2 years] increase). This suggests that observational studies may actually underestimate the true effect. Our Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis provides new evidence for a causal role of educational attainment on refractive error.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.