ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2015
M2 Polarization of Monocytes-Macrophages Is a Hallmark of Indian Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- IgG3 and IL10 are effective biomarkers for monitoring therapeutic effectiveness in Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Trial
- Immune-mediated remodelling of tissue architecture in Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Role of chemokines and their receptors in lesional CD8⁺ T cell homing in Indian Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Targeting mitochondrial bioenergetics: the "Achilles' heel" of Leishmania.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Bidirectional Interaction Between Liposomal Amphotericin B Pharmacokinetics and Parasite Dynamics in Patients With Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis: Potential Implications for Optimal Dosing.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: insights into underlying pathogenic mechanisms and genetic landscape.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Unsupervised machine learning identifies biomarkers of disease progression in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Sudan.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Immunotherapeutic Strategies as Potential Treatment Options for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.Vaccines · 2024Review
- A randomized, double-blind phase 2b trial to evaluate efficacy of ChAd63-KH for treatment of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2024Article
- Transcriptomics analysis highlights potential ways in human pathogenesis in Leishmania braziliensis infected with the viral endosymbiont LRV1.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human macrophages as an infection model for Leishmania donovani.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Immune response to viscerotropicFrontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Single-cell RNA reveals a tumorigenic microenvironment in the interface zone of human breast tumors.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2023Article
- Cytokine and phenotypic cell profiles in human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani.PloS one · 2023Article
- Unwinding the mechanism of macrophage repolarization potential ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Epigenetic paradigms/exemplars of the macrophage: inflammasome axis in Leishmaniasis.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2022Review
- Mechanobiology of immune cells: Messengers, receivers and followers in leishmaniasis aiding synthetic devices.Current research in immunology · 2022Review
- Vitamin d and leishmaniasis: Neither seasonal nor risk factor in canine host but potential adjuvant treatment through cbd103 expression.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Macrophage Polarization in the Skin Lesion Caused by Neotropical Species ofJournal of immunology research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The high level of functional diversity and plasticity in monocytes/macrophages has been defined within in vitro systems as M1 (classically activated), M2 (alternatively activated) and deactivated macrophages, of which the latter two subtypes are associated with suppression of cell mediated immunity, that confers susceptibility to intracellular infection. Although the Leishmania parasite modulates macrophage functions to ensure its survival, what remains an unanswered yet pertinent question is whether these macrophages are deactivated or alternatively activated. This study aimed to characterize the functional plasticity and polarization of monocytes/macrophages and delineate their importance in the immunopathogenesis of Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a chronic dermatosis of human leishmaniasis. Monocytes from PKDL patients showed a decreased expression of TLR-2/4, along with an attenuated generation of reactive oxidative/nitrosative species. At disease presentation, an increased mRNA expression of classical M2 markers CD206, ARG1 and PPARG in monocytes and lesional macrophages indicated M2 polarization of macrophages which was corroborated by increased expression of CD206 and arginase-1. Furthermore, altered vitamin D signaling was a key feature in PKDL, as disease presentation was associated with raised plasma levels of monohydroxylated vitamin D3 and vitamin D3- associated genes, features of M2 polarization. Taken together, in PKDL, monocyte/macrophage subsets appear to be alternatively activated, a phenotype that might sustain disease chronicity. Importantly, repolarization of these monocytes to M1 by antileishmanial drugs suggests that switching from M2 to M1 phenotype might represent a therapeutic opportunity, worthy of future pharmacological consideration.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.