Observational studyMedicine2015
Effect of Blood Cadmium Level on Mortality in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis.
Observational study in Medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Environmental PMTherapeutics and clinical risk management · 2025Article
- Assessing Cross-Sectional Association of Uremic Pruritus with Serum Heavy Metal Levels: A Single-Center Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The effect of refined nursing intervention on patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis in the hemodialysis center during the COVID-19 epidemic.BMC nursing · 2021Article
- Hepatocellular carcinoma in hemodialysis patients.Oncotarget · 2017Article
- Urinary cadmium levels predict mortality of patients with acute heart failure.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2017Article
- Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Previous studies of general populations indicated environmental exposure to low-level cadmium increases mortality. However, the effect of cadmium exposure on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients is unclear.A total of 937 MHD patients from 3 centers in Taiwan were enrolled in this 36-month observational study. Patients were stratified by baseline blood cadmium level (BCL) into 3 groups: high BCL (>0.521 μg/L; n = 312), intermediate BCL (0.286-0.521 μg/L; n = 313), and low BCL (<0.286 μg/L; n = 312). The mortality rates and causes of death were analyzed.The analytic results demonstrated patients in the high BCL group had a significantly higher prevalence of malnutrition and inflammation than patients in the low and intermediate BCL groups. After 3 years of follow-up, 164 (17.5%) patients died and the major cause of death was cardiovascular disease. A Cox multivariate analysis indicated the high BCL group had increased hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality (HR = 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-2.63; P = 0.018), cardiovascular-related mortality (HR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.09-3.23; P = 0.032), and infection-related mortality (HR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.12-4.55; P = 0.035). A Cox multivariate analysis of MHD patients who never smoked (n = 767) indicated the high BCL group had increased HRs for all-cause mortality (HR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.04-2.63; P = 0.048) and cardiovascular-related mortality (HR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.08-4.00; P = 0.044).In conclusion, BCL is an important determinant of mortality in MHD patients. Therefore, MHD patients should avoid cadmium exposure as much as possible, such as tobacco smoking and eating cadmium-containing foods.
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