ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2015
Formalin Inactivation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Alters the Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of a Neutralization Epitope in Envelope Protein Domain III.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of non-replicating vaccines for controlling African swine fever in domestic pigs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Pooled it
- Sulfur-containing class of broad-spectrum antivirals improves influenza virus vaccine development.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Back to basics: locally produced vaccines offer a practical alternative to antibiotics for prevention of streptococcosis in farmed tilapia (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Confirmation of gamma irradiation-mediated inactivation of a vero-adapted African swine fever virus Lisbon 60 strain for molecular assays.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Development of whole virion inactivated Kyasanur Forest Disease vaccine candidate and its preclinical safety and efficacy evaluation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Review
- The TLR7/8 agonist INI-4001 enhances the immunogenicity of a Powassan virus-like-particle vaccine.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Mature dengue virus particles inactivated by a non-ionic detergent retain quaternary neutralizing epitopes and induce potent neutralizing antibodies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Insect-specific virus platforms for arbovirus vaccine development.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Partial protective efficacy of the current licensed Japanese encephalitis live vaccine against the emerging genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus isolated from sheep.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The frequency and function of nucleoprotein-specific CD8Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Epitope(s) involving amino acids of the fusion loop of Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein is(are) important to elicit protective immunity.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Ultraviolet C inactivation of Coxiella burnetii for production of a structurally preserved whole cell vaccine antigen.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Low-temperature culture enhances production of flavivirus virus-like particles in mammalian cells.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Article
- Recent Developments in Vaccine Design: From Live Vaccines to Recombinant Toxin Vaccines.Toxins · 2023Review
- Article
- ABToxins · 2023Article
- Mapping Polyclonal Antibody Responses to Infection Using Next-Generation Phage Display.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Low-Energy Electron Irradiation of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Provides a Protective Inactivated Vaccine.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Formalin-inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccines are widely available, but the effects of formalin inactivation on the antigenic structure of JEV and the profile of antibodies elicited after vaccination are not well understood. We used a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to map the antigenic structure of live JEV virus, untreated control virus (UCV), formalin-inactivated commercial vaccine (FICV), and formalin-inactivated virus (FIV). The binding activity of T16 MAb against Nakayama-derived FICV and several strains of FIV was significantly lower compared to live virus and UCV. T16 MAb, a weakly neutralizing JEV serocomplex antibody, was found to inhibit JEV infection at the post-attachment step. The T16 epitope was mapped to amino acids 329, 331, and 389 within domain III (EDIII) of the envelope (E) glycoprotein. When we explored the effect of formalin inactivation on the immunogenicity of JEV, we found that Nakayama-derived FICV, FIV, and UCV all exhibited similar immunogenicity in a mouse model, inducing anti-JEV and anti-EDII 101/106/107 epitope-specific antibodies. However, the EDIII 329/331/389 epitope-specific IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody titers were significantly lower for FICV-immunized and FIV-immunized mouse serum than for UCV-immunized. Formalin inactivation seems to alter the antigenic structure of the E protein, which may reduce the potency of commercially available JEV vaccines. Virus inactivation by H2O2, but not by UV or by short-duration and higher temperature formalin treatment, is able to maintain the antigenic structure of the JEV E protein. Thus, an alternative inactivation method, such as H2O2, which is able to maintain the integrity of the E protein may be essential to improving the potency of inactivated JEV vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.